Interferometric Optical Fiber Measurement System with Multicore Optical Fiber

ABSTRACT

In another embodiment the system uses an optical photonic phased array. The phase array can be a static phased array to eliminate or augment the lens that couples light to and from a sample of interest or can be static and use a spectrally dispersive antenna and a tunable source to perform angular sweeping. The phased array can be active in 1 or 2 dimensions so as to scan the light beam in angle. The phased array can also adjust focus. The phased array can implement an optical waveform that will extend depth of field focus for imaging. The phase array can also be a separate standalone element that is fed by one or more optical fibers. The phased array can be for scanning a biomedical specimen used in conjunction with a swept-source OCT system, can be used in a free-space coherent optical communication system for beam pointing or tracking, used in LIDAR applications, or many other beam control or beam steering applications

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a divisional application of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 15/462,866, entitled “Optical Measurement SystemUsing Multicore Optical Fiber”, which is a continuation of U.S. Pat. No.9,683,928, entitled “Integrated Optical System and Components UtilizingTunable Optical Sources and Coherent Detection and Phased Array forImaging, Ranging, Sensing, Communications and Other Applications” filedon Jun. 23, 2014, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional PatentApplication No. 62/004,255, entitled “Integrated Optical System andComponents Utilizing Tunable Optical Sources and Coherent Detection”filed on May 29, 2014 and also claims priority to U.S. ProvisionalPatent Application No. 61/838,313, entitled “Integrated Optical Systemand Components Utilizing Tunable Optical Sources and CoherentDetection”, filed on Jun. 23, 2013. The entire contents of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 15/462,866, U.S. Pat. No. 9,683,928, and U.S.Provisional Patent Application Nos. 62/004,255 and 61/838,313 are hereinincorporated by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This disclosure relates generally to technology, designs, and methodsapplicable to optical imaging, ranging, sensor and communicationtechnology including swept-source optical coherence tomography systemsincluding optional photonic phased arrays.

BACKGROUND

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is now known to be a minimallyinvasive optical imaging technique that provides high-resolution,cross-sectional images of tissues and turbid media and which canseamlessly integrates into other diagnostic procedures. OCT can providereal-time images of tissues in situ and can advantageously be used whereconventional excisional biopsy is hazardous or impossible, to reducesampling errors associated with conventional excisional biopsy, or toguide further interventional procedures. Given its exceptional promise,systems and methods for improved OCT, as well as ranging and imagingrepresent a welcome addition to the art.

Unfortunately prior art OCT systems oftentimes require complex probemodule(s) that is used to guide light to/from a sample of interest. Suchprior-art systems may employ rotating fibers, or galvanometric orMEMS-driven mirror assemblies or other actuators along with complexoptical lens arrangements.

SUMMARY

An advance in the art is made according to an aspect of the presentdisclosure directed to integrated optical systems, methods and relatedstructures employing tunable optical sources and coherent detectionuseful—for example—in OCT, ranging and imaging systems that employintegrated photonic phased arrays to overcome a number of limitations ofprior-art systems and thereby advance the art.

In contrast to contemporary, prior-art OCT systems and structures thatemploy simple, fiber optic or miniature optical bench technology usingsmall optical components positioned on a substrate, systems and methodsaccording to the present disclosure employ one or more photonicintegrated circuits (PICs), use swept-source techniques, and employ awidely tunable optical source(s) and include multiple functions and insome embodiments all the critical complex optical functions arecontained on one or a few photonic integrated circuit(s).

An illustrative structure according to the present disclosure includesan interferometer that divides a tunable optical signal between areference path and a sample path and combines optical signals returningfrom the reference path and the sample path to generate an interferencesignal, said interferometer including a dual polarization,dual-balanced, in-phase and quadrature (I/Q) detection outputs andintegrated photodetectors and a detection system that detects theinterference signal from which information about a longitudinalreflectivity profile of optical properties of a sample positioned in thesample path may be generated wherein the interferometer and thedetection system are all integrated onto a single photonic integratedcircuit (PIC). The optical information can eventually be represented inthe form of a 1D, 2D, or 3D image. The detection system can be simple(e.g. a transimpedance amplifier (TIA)) or can include more complexelectrical signal processing.

Further aspects of this illustrative structure according to an aspect ofthe present disclosure further includes a tunable optical source systemthat generates the tunable optical signal and/or a k-clock module forgenerating a k-clock signal for triggering the detector system whereinthe k-clock, the interferometer, the tunable optical source system andthe detection system are all integrated onto the PIC.

Finally, additional illustrative structures according to the presentdisclosure employ an integrated electro-optic phased array. The phasedarray may be static and used to guide light to/from a probe module andsample. Advantageously, the phase(s) and amplitude(s) of antennaelements may be such that desired focusing is achieved. Another aspectof the present disclosure—includes compensating for any aberrations inthe optical path. As may be readily appreciated, such aberrations mayarise from a catheter or endoscope or other material.

The phased array according to one aspect of the present disclosure maybe advantageously used to achieve an extended depth of field over thatnormally encountered in a Gaussian Axial/longitudinal field profile. Thephase array according to the present disclosure may also be active andenable scanning in 1 or 2 angular or lateral dimensions and may also beused to adjust a focal depth. Finally, the phased array according to thepresent disclosure may be integrated with one or more of the followingstructures including a tunable laser, k-clock, electro-optical receiver,delay line and can also be a standalone element.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

A more complete understanding of the present disclosure may be realizedby reference to the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1A shows a schematic diagram illustrating a swept-source OCTconcept;

FIG. 1B illustrates example system specifications;

FIG. 1C illustrates axial and lateral resolution;

FIG. 1D illustrates 1D, 2D, and 3D imaging from a series of axial scansaccording to an aspect of the present disclosure;

FIG. 2 shows a schematic block diagram of a system having a singledual-balanced receiver according to an aspect of the present disclosure;

FIG. 3 shows a schematic block diagram of a system having circulatorsand a 90 degree hybrid exhibiting dual-balanced I and Q channelsaccording to an aspect of the present disclosure;

FIG. 4 shows a schematic block diagram of a system having circulatorsand dual polarization receiver with a polarization splitter and90-degree hybrids exhibiting I and Q channels in two polarizationsaccording to an aspect of the present disclosure;

FIG. 5 shows a schematic block diagram of a system having circulatorsand dual polarization receiver with a polarization splitter and90-degree hybrids exhibiting I and Q channels in two polarizations andsurface grating couplers used to couple light on and off a photonicintegrated circuit (PIC) according to an aspect of the presentdisclosure;

FIG. 6 shows a schematic block diagram of a system having a single PICinput/output port and a dual polarization receiver with a polarizationsplitter and 90-degree hybrids exhibiting I and Q channels in twopolarizations where the system has a laser with long coherence lengthand a delay for the reference arm contained within the single PICaccording to an aspect of the present disclosure;

FIG. 7 shows a schematic block diagram of a system having couplers anddual polarization receiver including a polarization splitter and90-degree hybrids exhibiting I and Q channels in two polarizations and adual polarization modulator according to an aspect of the presentdisclosure;

FIG. 8A shows a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of a k-clocksystem according to an aspect of the present disclosure;

FIG. 8B shows a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of a k-clocksystem according to an aspect of the present disclosure;

FIG. 8C shows a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of a k-clocksystem according to an aspect of the present disclosure;

FIG. 9A shows a schematic block diagrams illustrating a frequencytunable optical source including a ring configuration and opticalfrequency shifter;

FIG. 9B shows a frequency shift including a phase modulator andserrodyne modulation;

FIG. 9C shows a frequency shifter having two Mach Zehnder modulators;

FIG. 10 shows an exemplary output of the frequency shifter of FIG. 9Cconstructed in a PIC according to an aspect of the present disclosure;

FIG. 11A show a schematic block diagrams illustrating a methods forachieving a frequency shift as compared with that shown in FIG. 9C andaccording to an aspect of the present disclosure;

FIG. 11B show a schematic block diagrams illustrating a methods forachieving a frequency shift as compared with that shown in FIG. 9C andaccording to an aspect of the present disclosure;

FIG. 12 shows a schematic block diagram illustrating an exemplaryMach-Zehnder modulator employed as a filter in a tunable laser accordingto an aspect of the present disclosure;

FIG. 13 shows a schematic block diagram illustrating a ring laserconfiguration employing two frequency shifters according to an aspect ofthe present disclosure;

FIG. 14 shows a schematic block diagram illustrating a ring laserconfiguration having a frequency shifter and an optional tracking filterwherein the frequency shifter is configured to shift light entering intoit to a new frequency that is closely aligned with a ring cavity modeaccording to an aspect of the present disclosure;

FIG. 15A shows a schematic block diagram illustrating an embodiment of afrequency shifter wherein a reconfigurable light modulator is employedaccording to an aspect of the present disclosure;

FIG. 15B shows a schematic block diagram illustrating another embodimentof a frequency shifter wherein a reconfigurable light modulator isemployed according to an aspect of the present disclosure;

FIG. 16 shows a schematic block diagram illustrating alternate laserembodiments that employ a linear cavity configuration in closeelectrical communication with one or more DACs to achieve high speedaccording to an aspect of the present disclosure.

FIG. 17A shows a schematic block diagram illustrating a laser embodimentthat does not include a frequency shifter in a cavity;

FIG. 17B shows a schematic block diagram illustrating a laser embodimentthat does not include a frequency shifter in a cavity including a onering resonator configuration;

FIG. 17C shows a schematic block diagram illustrating a laser embodimentthat does not include a frequency shifter in a cavity including a tworing resonator configuration;

FIG. 18A shows a schematic block diagram illustrating a silicon PIChaving an embedded gain chip and surface grating couplers and multiplephase modulators that can act as separate frequency shifters or impartother optical modulation within the laser cavity including one outputsurface grating coupler according to an aspect of the presentdisclosure;

FIG. 18B shows a schematic block diagram illustrating an exampleincluding two output surface grating couplers according to an aspect ofthe present disclosure;

FIG. 19 shows a schematic block diagram illustrating a silicon PIC withan embedded gain chip and end face coupling and a frequency shifteraccording to an aspect of the present disclosure;

FIG. 20 shows a schematic block diagram illustrating a silicon PIC withan embedded gain chip employing end-face coupling and two sets of ringlaser resonators according to an aspect of the present disclosure;

FIG. 21 shows a schematic block diagram illustrating a silicon PIC withan embedded gain chip employing end-face coupling and wherein the laserhas a tunable tracking filter and an arbitrary modulator that can impartphase, frequency, or amplitude modulation on light within the lasercavity according to an aspect of the present disclosure;

FIG. 22 shows a schematic block diagram illustrating a silicon PICsimilar to that shown in FIG. 21 wherein the PIC includes a dualpolarization I/Q modulator such as that shown in FIG. 7;

FIG. 23A shows a schematic block diagram illustrating a tunable lasertransmitter and single polarization I/Q coherent receiver constructed ona PIC.

FIG. 23B shows a photograph illustrating a tunable laser transmitter andsingle polarization I/Q coherent receiver constructed on a PIC;

FIG. 23C shows a sample output of tunable laser spectrum of the tunablelaser transmitter of FIG. 23A according to an aspect of the presentdisclosure;

FIG. 24 shows a schematic block diagram illustrating a fiber assemblyincluding three single mode optical fibers coupled to three surfacegrating couplers on a silicon PIC according to an aspect of the presentdisclosure;

FIG. 25A shows a schematic block diagram illustrating a PIC packagedwith various electronic components;

FIG. 25B shows a schematic block diagram illustrating a PIC packagedwith various electronic components;

FIG. 25C shows a schematic block diagram illustrating a PIC packagedwith various electronic components;

FIG. 26 shows a schematic block diagram illustrating an exemplary PICand electronic circuit on a carrier substrate according to an aspect ofthe present disclosure;

FIG. 27 shows a schematic diagram illustrating a photonic phased arrayconcept according to an aspect of the present disclosure whereinelements of the phased array include an amplitude distribution network,a phase distribution network, and the antenna elements network (notethat while the diagram shows three sequential boxes, the order of theboxes can be different and the actual implementation can be such thatthe amplitude and phase are implemented in a distributed fashion);

FIG. 28 shows a schematic illustrating a series of waveguide splittersfollowed by phase adjusters followed by surface grating couplersaccording to an aspect of the present disclosure;

FIG. 29 shows a schematic illustrating a two dimensional phased array ofsize N×M according to an aspect of the present disclosure;

FIG. 30A shows schematic examples of an input coupling via end-facetcoupling and a 2D phased array emitting substantially out-of-plane ofthe photonic chip;

FIG. 30B shows an input coupling via a surface grating coupler and a 1Dphased array emitting along one output facet via end-facet couplingaccording to an aspect of the present disclosure;

FIG. 30C shows a 1D phased array emitting substantially out-of-plane ofthe photonic chip using end-facet input coupling according to an aspectof the present disclosure;

FIG. 31 shows an illustrative example of a coherent interferometricoptical ranging, sensor, or imaging system that includes a tunablesource, reference arm delay line, phase array, k-clock circuitry, and anin-phase and quadrature dual balanced receiver according to an aspect ofthe present disclosure;

FIG. 32 shows an illustrative example of a coherent interferometricoptical ranging system that includes a tunable source, phase array,k-clock circuitry, and an in-phase and quadrature dual balanced receiveraccording to an aspect of the present disclosure wherein the tunablelaser and reference arm is located off chip;

FIG. 33A shows an illustrative example of the photonic phased arrayinside an optical probe showing facet input coupling and phased arrayoperation so as to direct light away from the plane of the photonic chipin a side imaging probe;

FIG. 33B shows an illustrative example of the photonic phased arrayinside an optical probe showing surface input coupling from a backsidethinning and phased array operation so as to direct light away from theplane of the photonic chip in a forward imaging probe;

FIG. 33C shows an illustrative example of the photonic phased arrayinside an optical probe showing facet input coupling and 1D phased arrayfacet output coupling in a hand-held imaging probe;

FIG. 34 shows illustrative example according to the present disclosurein which an integrated phased array system focuses light through anoptical element that can cause aberrations, in addition to showing thefocal distance, and depth of focus from the composite optical systems;

FIG. 35A shows an illustrative example according to the presentdisclosure of a photonic phased array coupled to control circuitry usingwafer bonding or die bonding and stacking of the PIC and controlcircuitry wafer;

FIG. 35B shows an illustrative example according to the presentdisclosure of a photonic phased array coupled to control circuitry usingwafer bonding or die bonding to a carrier substrate that is connected toan adjacent control wafer;

FIG. 36 shows an illustrative example of the present disclosure of agroup of integrated optical antennas fed from a spatially switchednetwork to perform spatial scanning;

FIG. 37A shows an illustrative example according to the presentdisclosure of an optical system coupled via a spatially switched opticalnetwork into a multicore optical fiber to perform spatial scanningwherein an optical system is connected to a multicore optical fiber viaa spatial switching network;

FIG. 37B shows an illustrative example according to the presentdisclosure of an optical system connected in parallel to a multicoreoptical fiber and reflections from the multicore optical fiber areconnected to an array of coherent optical receivers;

FIG. 38A shows an illustrative example according to the presentdisclosure wherein a photonic integrated optical system with atransmitter and receiver is connected to a distant photonic phased arrayvia twin-core optical fiber;

FIG. 38B shows an illustrative example according to the presentdisclosure wherein the phased array is replaced by a distal rotary motorand the optical connection to and from the distal motor is via multicoreoptical fiber; and

FIG. 39 shows an illustrative example according to the presentdisclosure of a photonic integrated optical system having a transmitterand receiver and an integrated photonic phased array as illustrativelyused in a free-space optical communication link.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following merely illustrates the principles of the disclosure. Itwill thus be appreciated that those skilled in the art will be able todevise various arrangements which, although not explicitly described orshown herein, embody the principles of the disclosure and are includedwithin its spirit and scope. More particularly, while numerous specificdetails are set forth, it is understood that embodiments of thedisclosure may be practiced without these specific details and in otherinstances, well-known circuits, structures and techniques have not beshown in order not to obscure the understanding of this disclosure.

Furthermore, all examples and conditional language recited herein areprincipally intended expressly to be only for pedagogical purposes toaid the reader in understanding the principles of the disclosure and theconcepts contributed by the inventor(s) to furthering the art, and areto be construed as being without limitation to such specifically recitedexamples and conditions.

Moreover, all statements herein reciting principles, aspects, andembodiments of the disclosure, as well as specific examples thereof, areintended to encompass both structural and functional equivalentsthereof. Additionally, it is intended that such equivalents include bothcurrently-known equivalents as well as equivalents developed in thefuture, i.e., any elements developed that perform the same function,regardless of structure.

Thus, for example, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the artthat the diagrams herein represent conceptual views of illustrativestructures embodying the principles of the invention.

In addition, it will be appreciated by those skilled in art that anyflow charts, flow diagrams, state transition diagrams, pseudocode, andthe like represent various processes which may be substantiallyrepresented in computer readable medium and so executed by a computer orprocessor, whether or not such computer or processor is explicitlyshown.

In the claims hereof any element expressed as a means for performing aspecified function is intended to encompass any way of performing thatfunction including, for example, a) a combination of circuit elementswhich performs that function or b) software in any form, including,therefore, firmware, microcode or the like, combined with appropriatecircuitry for executing that software to perform the function. Theinvention as defined by such claims resides in the fact that thefunctionalities provided by the various recited means are combined andbrought together in the manner which the claims call for. Applicant thusregards any means which can provide those functionalities as equivalentas those shown herein. Finally, and unless otherwise explicitlyspecified herein, the drawings are not drawn to scale.

Thus, for example, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the artthat the diagrams herein represent conceptual views of illustrativestructures embodying the principles of the disclosure.

More specifically, much of the discussion that follows is presented withrespect to a swept-source optical coherence tomography system. However,those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that this discussion isbroadly applicable to a wide range of applications that employ on aswept laser (or other optical sources that may be rapidly swept over awide frequency range) and interferometric electro-optical detection, forexample, ranging, medical imaging, non-destructive evaluation andtesting, laser radar, spectroscopy, and communications—among others.

Turning now to FIGS. 1(a)-1(d), and in particular FIG. 1(a), there isshown a schematic of the axial imaging component of an optical coherencetomography arrangement including a swept-source according to an aspectof the present disclosure. More particularly in that FIG. 1(a), afrequency swept light source is coupled to a Michelson interferometerwhich comprises two optical paths or “arms”. Those skilled in the artwill appreciate that while a Michelson interferometer is shown in theillustrative examples described herein other types of interferometersare also possible and are contemplated by this disclosure.

One arm of the Michelson interferometer comprises a reference opticalpath having a mirror which reflects light and the other arm comprises asample optical path into which is positioned a sample whoseaxial/longitudinal reflectivity profile is to be measured.Operationally, light collected from both the reference and sample pathsare interferometrically combined and directed to a photodetector(including subsequent signal processing not specifically shown). Due toa delay between reference and sample reflections, interferometricdetection and frequency sweep of a laser light source, the photodetectoroutput includes information about the axial/longitudinal reflectivityprofile of the sample that may be advantageously extracted by FourierTransform (FT) techniques or other techniques as known in the art. Asmay be readily appreciated, a number of architectures and arrangementsapplying these broad techniques are possible. Exemplary and/orillustrative architectures and arrangements are contemplated andpresented by this disclosure.

More particularly, other types of swept-source, optical coherencetomography (SS-OCT) system topologies that are known in the art arecontemplated by this disclosure. With reference to FIG. 1(b), there areshown exemplary, illustrative specifications for systems constructedaccording to aspects of the present disclosure. In particular, centerwavelength(s) ˜1310 nm; Scan Range(s) >100 nm; Coherence Length(s) >20mm; Sweep Speed(s) >100 kHz; Laser Output Power(s) >25 mW; and IdealSweep(s) exhibiting 100% duty cycle sawtooth—are all (as well as others)are contemplated by this disclosure. Note that these exemplary,illustrative specifications are in no way limiting. It is understood andthose skilled in the art will readily appreciate that there are a widevariety of other specifications contemplated such as different centerwavelength(s), sweep speed(s), etc., contemplated by this disclosure aswell.

With reference to FIG. 1(c), there it depicts in schematic form anaspect of contemporary SS-OCT systems namely, that the longitudinalresolution of such systems is substantially dictated by properties ofthe optical source (i.e., its spectral bandwidth) and the focusingproperties of light onto/into the sample. More particularly, theschematic diagram of FIG. 1(c) shows interrelationships between axialresolution, transverse resolution, depth of field as they relate tosystems exhibiting low numerical aperture focus (NA) and high NA focus.As may be appreciated, for many contemporary OCT systems, it is theoptical spectral bandwidth of the source that is the limiting factor ofits longitudinal resolution.

FIG. 1(d) shows one example in schematic form of how 1D, 2D, 3D imagesmay be constructed by combining axial/longitudinal scanning from a lasersource frequency sweep and Fourier transform processing along withlateral or rotational scanning of light onto a sample via a probe module(not specifically shown) as performed by contemporary systems. One canthen implement lateral, rotational, or transverse scanning to product 2Dand 3D images. Other configurations of SS-OCT systems employing parallelacquisition systems are variations to these contemporary systems.

As previously noted—and in sharp contrast to contemporary, prior-artSS-OCT systems and structures—systems and structures according to thepresent disclosure employ one or more photonic integrated circuits(PICs) that are advantageously constructed using combinations ofoptically compatible material such as Silicon (Si), Indium Phosphide(InP), Gallium Arsenide (GaAs), Indium arsenide (InAs) quantum dots,Germanium (Ge), or other suitable, optically compatible material. Offurther contrast, prior art OCT systems, such as those that do describephotonic integrated circuits, often times do not utilize swept-sourcetechniques, but instead use a very different OCT technology namely,spectral domain optical coherence tomography. And for those prior artsystems that do describe the use of PICs for SS-OCT they do not addressthe integration of many optical functions such as interferometers, dualpolarization, dual balanced, FQ receivers with integratedphoto-detectors and electro-optical integration which is key to makingthis systems robust, manufacturable, small, and low-cost. Finally, priorart OCT systems generally employ simple, miniature optical benchtechnology using small optical components placed on a substrate, and donot include a widely tunable optical source or integrated k-clocks anddetectors.

With these principles in place, we may now examine more particularexemplary configurations and systems according to aspects of the presentdisclosure. Turning now to FIG. 2, there it shows a schematic blockdiagram of an illustrative system having a single, dual-balancedreceiver according to an aspect of the present disclosure. As depictedtherein, a dotted line outlines those components that may beadvantageously incorporated (integrated) into/onto a single PIC as oneexemplary configuration according to the present disclosure.Importantly, and as may be readily appreciated by those skilled in theart, a greater or lesser number of the components shown may beintegrated into the PIC as system design dictates or further benefit(s)arise from such integration. For example in some illustrativeembodiments the transmit laser can be located outside the PIC.

As shown in that FIG. 2, a tunable (transmit) laser is optically coupledto a 90/10 coupler. The 90% output of that coupler is directed to a50/50 coupler, the output of which is directed to a probe module thatcouples light to/from a sample while—in a preferredembodiment—performing a lateral or a rotational scanning of light acrossthe sample. Note that in this schematic FIG. 2, the lateral scanning isnot specifically shown.

Returning to FIG. 2, the 10% output of the 90/10 coupler is directed toan 80/20 coupler that further couples light to and from a referencemodule. As may be readily appreciated, such a reference module mayinclude an fixed or adjustable path length device that sets measurementrange of interest and include other devices (e.g., polarizationrotators, attenuators, lenses, mirrors, etc.) and perform otherfunctions as well. Unused ports of the 50/50 sample path and the 80/20reference path may be terminated or may alternatively be used to supplylight to a k-clock input port.

As shown further in FIG. 2, light reflected back from the 80/20 coupleris shown coupled to a second 90/10 coupler. The 10% output of thatsecond 90/10 coupler is shown coupled to an optional k-clock anddetector—which will be discussed later—and the 90% output of that second90/10 coupler is shown coupled to an optional polarization controllerthat may be automatically or manually adjusted. Notably, it may beadvantageous to include another polarization controller and 90/10coupler in the sample path to balance dispersion and birefringence.

As may be appreciated, the polarization controller so used may be anactive controller that is controlled by the electronics module(connections not specifically shown) or alternatively, be manually set.Reference and sample light are coupled to a 50/50 receiver coupler anddirected to a balanced photo-detector configuration to enhance receiversensitivity and minimize laser intensity noise as well as other noisesources.

Output from the photo-detector is directed into an electrical processingmodule that may advantageously include one or more transimpedanceamplifiers (TIAs), Analog-to-Digital Converter, (ADCs), Digital toAnalog Converter(s), DACs, and Digital Signal Processing (DSP)electronic modules. Advantageously, such electronic modules may beincluded in one or more integrated electronic chips includingApplication Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs) and/or FieldProgrammable Gate Arrays (FGPAs) as well as other discrete or monolithicelectronic devices. This electrical processing in some embodiments canbe housed in the same electro-mechanical package (co-packaged) or can belocated in a separate electromechanical package.

As shown, the electrical module depicted in FIG. 2 also receives thek-clock output and is further connected to the transmit laser such thatit may control its operational characteristics. Some exemplaryembodiments do not require the use of a k-clock but it is advantageousif the frequency sweep is not linear or highly repeatable as discussedlater. As may be appreciated and understood, sections of the PIC shownin FIG. 2 and external to the dotted line may be optical fibers orfree-space optical links or a combination thereof.

It is worth noting at this point in the discussion that a wide varietyof other coupling ratios and configurations other than those shown arecontemplated and consistent with this disclosure. For example, analternative embodiment may replace the 50/50 and 80/20 output couplers(connecting the sample and references) with circulators such that anincrease in useful signal power and an increase in the isolation ofreflected light with respect to the laser cavity is achieved. Inconfigurations where bulk circulators are used, four externalconnections to the PIC instead of the two shown in FIG. 2 are employed.

Turning now to FIG. 3, there it shows a schematic block diagram of anillustrative system having circulators in place of the 50/50 and 80/20splitters of FIG. 2, and a 90 degree hybrid exhibiting dual-balanced Iand Q channels according to an aspect of the present disclosure. Morespecifically, and as shown in FIG. 3, received optical signals arerouted to a 90 degree hybrid processor that includes four output signalsthat represent two dual-balanced in phase (I_(x)) and quadrature (Q_(x))optical signals. The 90-degree hybrids may be—for example—multimodeinterference couplers, star couplers, or a network of 1×2 and 2×2couplers.

The I (I_(x)) and Q (Q_(x)) signals depicted in FIG. 3 allowphase-sensitive detection of light from the sample and extraction ofadditional optical information on the sample and other signal processingimprovements. Of further advantage, the photodetectors may bemonolithically integrated into the PIC using a suitable optical detectormaterial (e.g., Ge).

In one illustrative embodiment—and as may be readily appreciated bythose skilled in the art—the photodetectors may be butt coupled orotherwise optically coupled to the PIC or located on a separate device.In the illustrative embodiment depicted in FIG. 3, the entire regionshown within dotted lines is advantageously included in/on one singlePIC. In other contemplated embodiments according to the presentdisclosure, the tunable laser may be external to the PIC. Alternatively,only the receiver portion may be included within the PIC, or thecirculators may be replaced with couplers and located within the PIC aswell. As may be appreciated, a great number of configurations arecontemplated by the present disclosure.

FIG. 4, FIG. 5, and FIG. 6 show further illustrative extensions to theseconfigurations shown and described. More particularly, they depictillustrative configurations wherein a received optical signal is routedto a polarization diversity receiver that includes two 90-degree hybridprocessors. Such embodiments advantageously exhibit improvedcapabilities with respect to polarization-diversity andpolarization-sensitivity along with an improved ability to measure boththe sample birefringence and other characteristics along with phasesensitive detection within each polarization. Such phase andpolarization sensitive detection permits functional imaging via Doppler,increased sensitivity and improvements in signal processing and sampleimaging information possibilities such as polarization independentimaging or polarization sensitive imaging.

FIG. 4 shows a schematic block diagram of an illustrative systemincluding circulators and a dual polarization receiver includingpolarization splitters and 90 degree hybrids exhibiting I and Q channelsin two polarizations according to an aspect of the present disclosure.As may be appreciated, such a system may be integrated onto a single PICincluding source(s), k-clock, polarization controller, and dualpolarization receiver.

FIG. 5 shows a schematic block diagram of an illustrative system havingcirculators and dual polarization receiver with a polarization splitterand 90 degree hybrids exhibiting I and Q channels in two polarizationsand surface grating couplers used to couple light on and off a photonicintegrated circuit (PIC) according to an aspect of the presentdisclosure. As depicted therein, the polarization controller isintegrated, however this device is optional and may be included externalto the PIC in the reference arm—or not at all. Alternatively—in thoseenvironments in which the bandwidth is very large—it may be beneficialto have a polarization controller positioned in both the sample andreference paths such as that shown thereby balancing particular opticalproperties such as birefringence, dispersion, and/or other opticalcharacteristics.

With continued reference to FIG. 5, it is noted that phase andpolarization sensitive detection advantageously allows functionalimaging via Doppler, increased sensitivity, and improvements in signalprocessing and sample imaging information capability such aspolarization sensitive detection and imaging.

With continued reference to FIG. 5, it is noted that the illustrativeembodiment shown therein is compatible with surface grating couplers(SGC). As may be appreciated, one dimensional (1D) surface gratingcouplers may be used to direct (couple) light off of the PIC and intocirculator(s) while two dimensional (2D) surface grating couplers may beused to receive reflected light from the circulators and simultaneouslysplit them into nearly orthogonal polarizations. As depicted in FIG. 5,power monitors (PM) are used to monitor polarization alignment and otherconditions of the reference path. Advantageously, wide-band gratingcouplers can be made by using a core material with a lower index thansilicon, such as silicon nitride, and/or by using a smaller spot size onthe grating, for example from a small core fiber. Of further advantage,different combinations of couplers or combinations of 1D and 2D couplersmay be used simultaneously in alternative embodiments.

With reference now to FIG. 6, there it shows an alternative embodimentaccording to an aspect of the present disclosure that particularlyuseful when used with a laser source having sufficiently long coherencelength for the sample measurement distances. As depicted in FIG. 6, theentire reference path length may be located on the PIC. Consequently,only one PIC external connection is employed—the one to the sample. Witha configuration such as that depicted in FIG. 6, an on-chip path delayunit constructed from a tightly wound spiral or other waveguidestructure may be included. To impart low loss and low temperaturedependence such a waveguide structure may be fabricated from SiliconNitride (SiN) or Silicon Oxynitride (SiON) materials.

At this point we note that for improved axial/longitudinal resolution,it is important that each arm exhibit substantially matching totaldispersion and birefringence characteristics. In certain configurationsit is convenient to position/place similar devices in both arms so as tokeep the optical characteristics balanced. For configurations in whichsuch placement of similar structures is impossible or impractical, thenone can—for example—introduce (additional) dispersion into the PICstructure by using—for example—ring resonators (as all-pass filters)coupled to waveguides. Advantageously as an alternative, if the pathcharacteristics are not matched then it is also possible—if thecoherence length of the laser is long and the optical properties arestable—to electronically post process this dispersion or birefringenceimbalance out electronically in the DSP in cases where both I and Qphase sensitive detection is utilized.

Turning now to FIG. 7, there it shows an alternative illustrativeembodiment according to the present disclosure in which a transmitterpath (the output laser light before the probe/sample) includes a dualpolarization modulator and only one output light path from the PIC (thesample and probe module are split external to the PIC). As may beappreciated, the modulator in this embodiment may provide alternatingon/off or other modulation (e.g. within an axial scan or sendingalternate polarizations on adjacent axial scans) into the sample suchthat birefringence information along the axial profile of the sample isextracted. That is to say the modulation may be performedrapidly—relative to a laser frequency sweep time—or may be performedmore slowly, alternatively on each laser sweep or other combinations.

In addition to the functionality described above, the modulator may alsobe used to set arbitrary intensity and phase information on eachpolarization such that the receiver module can perform processing onthis modulation to extract additional features. For example a Hamming orother window can be applied to the laser output amplitude. As discussedearlier it is possible to locate the tunable optical transmit laser (oran equivalently functioning tunable optical source (e.g. and ASE sourceand a tunable filter)) external to the PIC. The polarization combinerafter the two modulators may be either a 2D grating coupler or apolarization rotator and polarization beam combiner connected to a facetcoupler.

At this point we note that polarization splitters, combiners, androtators shown in the various figures are preferably fabricated onto thePIC and exhibit a broad bandwidth, low loss and high extinctioncharacteristics. As those skilled in the art will readily appreciate,there are known a variety of ways to build such individual structuresand devices.

With respect to surface grating couplers, there exist a variety ofdesigns of surface grating couplers—including 1D and 2D grating couplersas well as designs exhibiting various fiber incidence (i.e., normal,slight, extreme)—such that output light is primarily coupled into twooutput waveguides instead of four, for example. As may be appreciated,one advantage of surface grating couplers is they are easy to fabricateand easy to couple light into/out of them. Also surface grating couplerseliminate the need to rotate polarization on the PIC, because bothpolarization (states) signals in the fiber maintain the samepolarization in the PIC. Conversely, one disadvantage of using surfacegrating couplers is that it is difficult to make them such that theyexhibit both a very broad bandwidth a very low loss.

With respect to polarization controller(s) shown in various figures,they too can be implemented in a variety of ways and exhibit a number ofparticular characteristics. By way of non-limiting example(s), it isnoted that a polarization controller needs to exhibit a broad bandwidthand low loss. Also, the polarization controller should not introducesignificant dispersion or birefringence over the laser tuning band. Ifsuch dispersion or birefringence exists then a second matching polarizercan be added—for example—to the sample arm of the system.

Advantageously, “endless” polarization controllers or resettablepolarization controllers may be fabricated within the PIC, using, forexample, a cascade of Mach-Zehnder interferometers. Alternatively, suchpolarization controllers may be located outside or off of the PIC. Whilein some configurations a polarization controller is not needed, in otherconfigurations where it is included it can be set manually, or beelectronically adjustable and advantageously not requiring resets toachieve an arbitrary polarization state (endless polarizationcontroller).

Turning now to FIGS. 8(a)-8(c), there it shows three examples of k-clockprocessing modules according to aspects of the present disclosure. Andwhile three illustrative examples are depicted in FIGS. 8(a)-8(c), thoseskilled in the art will appreciate that additional configurations arepossible and contemplated. Generally, with respect to k-clocks, it isnoted that in some embodiments—such as when a frequency sweep is verylinear in time and repeatable—a k-clock is not needed. In otherembodiments, a k-clock allows one to compensate for non-ideal frequencysweep parameters in the tunable laser. For example if the tunable laseris swept in a sinusoidal (or other waveform) sweep over time, then ak-clock will allow an output clock to be triggered at substantiallyregular frequency increment intervals and such signals will trigger theADC (or be used in alternative digital signal processing if fixed timeADC sampling is used) such that a proper Fourier transform takes place.As discussed previously, structures according to the present disclosureadvantageously integrate k-clock(s) into/onto the PIC along with anumber of other optical and electrical functions.

With initial reference to FIG. 8(a), there it shows a simple dualbalanced embodiment where two 50/50 couplers and a differential pathdelay are used in combination with dual balanced photo detectors.Turning now to FIG. 8(b), there it shows a non-differential embodimentwhere there are two (I and Q) electrical optical and electrical outputsphase shifted by 90 degrees. Finally, FIG. 8(c) shows an illustrativeembodiment where there are two (I and Q) electrical optical andelectrical outputs and each one of them contains a differentialdetection to eliminate common-mode noise. As noted previously, whilethese three illustrative embodiments are shown, those skilled in the artwill understand that other embodiments are contemplated according to thepresent disclosure.

As may be appreciated, it is sometimes beneficial for the optical pathlength—such as that shown previously in FIGS. 1-7—from the laser sourceto the sample and further to the photodetector(s) to have approximatelythe same total delay as the path from the laser source to the triggeringof the ADCs via the k-clock processing module. One way to achieve thisis to have an optical delay between the laser output and the k-clockinput that matches both delay and dispersive properties of the two pathlengths. If the delay is small enough (˜1 cm) then it can be containedwithin the PIC. If the delay is much longer, then a fiber optical patchcord can be designed into the path between the 90/10 coupler and thek-clock input (not shown). Another alternative method to achieve thesame total optical delay is to introduce an electronic delay bufferafter the photo-detection. In particular configurations such as when thelaser souse tuning characteristics permit, such an arrangement may be apreferred one. Finally with reference to FIG. 8(a)-8(c), it is notedthat clock generator and electrical processing elements mayadvantageously comprise TIAs, filters to reduce out of band noise,zero-crossing detectors, AGC elements, digital logic (e.g. OR, XOR)phase shifters, and dummy clocks and other processing functions. Instill another alternate embodiment, the k-clock may comprise a ringresonator filter instead of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer.

As may be appreciated, one critical component of an SS-OCT system—aswell as other optical systems—is the laser source. More particularly, adesirable laser source exhibits the following characteristics namely,rapidly tunable, widely tunable, stable, long-coherence length,desirable optical signal to noise ratio (OSNR), minimal excess intensitynoise, compact, reliable, and inexpensive. It is also advantageous forsuch a laser source to exhibit a near sawtooth waveform in terms ofwavelength (or frequency) vs. time.

FIG. 9(a) shows one illustrative embodiment of a frequency tunablesource according to an aspect of the present disclosure. As shown, thetunable source includes a seed laser, an optical switch, an amplifier, afrequency shifter, a tunable optical filter, an isolator and apolarizer—all configured in a common ring arrangement. Operationally, atthe start of each laser sweep the optical switch is connected to theseed laser. This seed laser provides the necessary output power andcoherence length sufficient to start the frequency sweep whilepreferably saturating the optical amplifier to minimize ASE noise. Theseed laser can be integrated into the PIC or externally located andfiber coupled onto/into the PIC. The light from the seed laser isoptically amplified and sent to the frequency shifter and is maintainedlong enough in the ring to stabilize the light and amplifier.

We note that there exist alternatives to the seed laser such as using asingle frequency reflector in combination with the ring gain element toproduce a laser starting frequency. Also in one embodiment the 2:1switch and seed laser can be eliminated and the tunable optical filteris set to the starting frequency and the frequency shifter is turned offfor a period sufficient for the ring laser to begin lasing on a ringcavity within the tunable optical filter bandwidth.

Notably, the illustrative embodiment depicted in FIG. 9(a) is arrangedas a unidirectional ring. Those skilled in the art will appreciate thatother arrangements using linear cavities or alternative configurationsare contemplated by this disclosure as well. More specifically, the ringarrangement may be fabricated within a single integrated opticalcomponent or particular part(s) of the ring arrangement may be externalto the PIC (e.g. in optical fiber or free space).

Continuing with our operational discussion of the frequency tunablesource depicted in FIG. 9(a), at a particular time (preferably the roundtrip time), the switch is enabled and the light begins to circulatearound the ring as depicted in the line chart. For each circulationaround the ring, the light is shifted in frequency by f_(Δ) and thisshift continues until the desired total sweep range is completed f_(D).The total sweep time is completed in 1/f_(s).

As may be readily appreciated, there are several ways to generate aconstant frequency shift. With reference to FIG. 9(b), there it shows anillustrative example using a simple phase modulator that is reset atinteger multiples of 2π. FIG. 9(c) shows another illustrative example togenerate a constant frequency shift which employs two Mach-Zehndermodulators biased at their null point and driven in their linear range.The two modulators are similar but one input includes a 90 degreeoptical phase shifter. If the Mach-Zehnder modulators are operated intheir linear regime, then the drive signals are sinusoids. If theMach-Zehnders are driven to their full extent of +/−pi, then the drivesignals are triangle waves.

Note that it is important to maintain stable operation of the frequencyshifter and in particular to extinguish any unshifted, spuriousharmonics of the input light. To maintain such conditions, automaticbias control circuits for biasing each modulator at its null positionand adjusting the RF drive amplitude and phase can be implementedsimilar to those used for optical telecommunication systems such asDP-QPSK and other systems that use Mach-Zehnder modulators.

As noted previously, when the frequency tunable source is configured asa ring such as that shown, the ring may optionally include a polarizerto extinguish unwanted light as normally the ring runs in a singlepolarization. The optical gain may be provided by rare-earth (e.g.Yb/Er) doped waveguides; from monolithically integrated optical gainelements like InP, GaAs, Germanium, or III-V quantum dot material suchas InAs; or using a wafer bonded or butt coupled optical gain elementssuch as InP or GaAs, or other semiconductor material either integratedwith the PIC or external to a PIC that can be optically or electricallypumped. Similarly, frequency shifters may be fabricated in any of anumber of optical compatible materials. Notably, if they are fabricatedin Si, they may be either carrier injection or carrier depletion typemodulators—or even both if they are modulators having an oxide in thejunction.

Note that ring structure depicted in FIG. 9(a) includes an opticalisolator and a tunable optical filter. In an alternate embodiment(s) theisolator and/or tunable optical filter is/are not needed. This isparticularly appropriate in those situations wherein the frequencyshifter produces minimal carrier leak through and spurious harmonics andthe number of circulations of the ring over a scan period issufficiently small such that only modest amplified spontaneous emission(ASE) and harmonic noise builds up in the ring.

With further reference to FIG. 9(a), it is noted that a tunable opticalfilter is employed. This tunable optical filter is not always needed butfor certain configurations, such as a large number of lightcirculations, it can be beneficial. Advantageously, it may be fabricatedusing a narrow filter with fine tracking or relatively coarse bandwidthfilter with corresponding coarse tracking. One advantage of the tunablefilter is that it can suppress any residual ASE noise and spurioussignals (such as unshifted light leaking through the frequency shifter)from building up in the laser cavity.

With this additional suppression of the tunable optical filter, thenumber of cycles of the loop can be increased and the cavity lengthdecreased to the point where the entire laser is housed in a PIC.Additionally, a polarizer can be employed to eliminate unwanted ASE andlight scattered into the orthogonal polarization (as indicated in FIG.9(a)). Notwithstanding, it is possible to use a gain element thatsupports one polarization and thus there is no need for an additionalpolarizer. Furthermore, an optical isolator may be incorporated toensure unidirectional operation if needed. This isolator can be off thePIC or can be contained on the PIC. Also as mentioned above and shown inFIG. 9(a), an alternative to the use of the optical switch is to use afiber optic coupler and two on/off switches. Such an approach can beeasier to control and implement at the expense of increased throughputloss.

Shown further in FIG. 9(a) is a circuit for controlling the optical gainor output power of the optical amplifier (OA). For example, inconstant-power mode, a small optical tap at the output of the OA is usedto estimate the output power and this signal is fed back to internalparts of the OA (e.g. pump or VOA) to keep the output power constant.Other methods for power and gain control are known and contemplated aswell.

Finally with reference to FIG. 9(a), note that a constant frequencyshift is illustrated in this figure. Notwithstanding, it is possible toadjust the frequency shift over time to account for slight variations inpropagation delay around the loop with wavelength if desired.

FIG. 10 shows a graph of our measured example of the frequency shiftershown in FIG. 9(c) in operation using a Si photonic I-Q modulator. Thisfrequency shifter was created in a silicon photonic integrated circuit.The line shown in the center of the graph is some of the carrier leakthrough. The frequency shift is −15 GHz and the side mode suppressionratio (SMSR) is 15 dB. As may be appreciated, the performance of thisfrequency shifter may be improved with better electrical tuning howeverthe figure clearly shows the functionality of the device.

With reference now to FIGS. 11(a) and 11(b), there it shows twoadditional embodiments of frequency shifter topologies for homodynefrequency tracking in telecommunication systems. With reference to FIG.11(a), the embodiment shown is a single side band (SSB) modulator. Itcomprises an I-Q modulator driven by two triangular waves havingpeak-to-peak amplitude of 7C and a 90° relative phase shift.Operationally, the output rotates endlessly around the origin of thecomplex plane with a linear change in phase with time.

As is known, SSB modulation is traditionally performed at a fixedfrequency. One advantage of the embodiment of FIG. 11(a) is themodulator is driven from a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) with alook-up table, and the driving frequency constantly varies as the tableis read out at a speed proportional to the required phase shift rate.Notably, SSB modulators are traditionally made in LiNbO3 and designed torun at high speeds. In this application however, we wish to operate theSSB modulators at low speeds (<1 GHz) and in a silicon PIC.Advantageously, this allows us to use current injection rather thancarrier depletion modulation, resulting in low optical loss and lowdrive voltages. Finally, an SSB modulator such as that depicted in FIG.11(a), exhibits a 6-dB excess loss.

FIG. 11(b) on the other hand, shows a schematic SSB modulator designexhibiting only 3-dB excess loss. This design has the additionaladvantage of requiring only sinusoidal drive signals rather thantriangular wave signals, which may be easier to generate. The design ofFIG. 11(b) exhibits lower loss because rather than using just 3-dBcouplers on the input and output it uses Mach-Zehnder switches thatredirect the distribution of light between the I and Q modulators as thephase progresses around its circle. These are driven with twice thefrequency as the I and Q modulators but only ˜ 1/13 of the amplitude.

FIG. 12 shows one of many possible examples of a tunable filter that canbe driven in a sinusoidal or preferably a digital fashion to minimizedegradation in the output laser quality due to build up of ASE and/orspurious harmonics in the laser loop. (Note that in this disclosure wemay refer to this loop as a laser loop even though in some embodimentsthere is not laser action and the cavity operates more like a longtransmission line). The basic concept is that of a Mach-Zehndermodulator with unequal path lengths. The path length difference ischosen to be such that the transfer function has a transmission null atone f_(Δ) above and below the desired frequency shifted carrier and atall the subsequent periodic nature of the transfer function. These arequalitatively illustrated by the “X's” on FIG. 12. On the even trips one(blue) transfer function is applied. On the odd cavity trips the other(red) transfer function is applied. It is important that the modulatorbe driven rapidly so as to avoid collapsing the signal amplitude due torepeatedly passing through the modulator (similar to “eye closure” indigital communication signals). This modulator can have automatic biascircuitry that control the bias point (at null) and controls therelative amplitude and phase of the RF square wave or sine wave drivesignal. Note the filter of FIG. 12 works well when driven in a widebandwidth square wave fashion. And while it is also possible to drivethe modulator with a sine wave which need not have a broad bandwidth,this can result in more distortion of the ideally constant amplitudesignal but has the advantage of easier RF drive requirements.

To address the fact that the periodic power transfer function of theMach-Zehnder filter may not ideally follow the constant frequencyincrement of the laser over a 100 nm or more sweep it is possible toutilize a more intelligent waveform than a simple sine or square wave toaccount for keeping the carrier at the center of one of the periodicpeaks of the Mach-Zehnder transfer function at all times.Advantageously, it is also possible to alter the frequency of thefrequency shifter.

Advantageously, it is possible to use more than one stage ofMach-Zehnder filtering. There are a variety of modulator delayconfigurations that can be used and the basic concept is to place nullsof each stage to eliminate spurious leak though of the carrier andunwanted harmonics. In many applications it suffices to have one stage.In other applications where a large number of cavity sweeps is desiredtwo or more stages can be used. In order to drive the Mach-Zehndermodulator properly one approach is to provide a high-speed multi-channelDACs closely coupled to the Mach-Zehnder modulators. To keep theMach-Zehnder path lengths short and within a single PIC it is beneficialto include a high frequency shift in the ring (e.g. 10 GHz).

Note that gain sections for tunable optical sources according to thepresent disclosure may comprise semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs),doped waveguide amplifiers, wafer bonded gain elements on siliconwafers, InP re-growth, germanium doped silicon lasers, or doped fiberamplifiers. It is also possible to configure multiple gain sections inparallel using WDM or other splitting/combining techniques to broadenthe bandwidth. That is to say one could use multiple SOAs (or other gainmediums) in parallel connected in phase and with equal path lengths butdifferent gain spectrum peaks.

In another alternative tunable laser embodiment according to the presentdisclosure are one(s) in which there are two or more frequency shiftersin the laser cavity as, for example, shown in FIG. 13. Such anembodiment operates analogous to a Vernier laser cavity in which thelight is split between two resonant cavities with differentfree-spectral ranges. Only certain cavity modes line up in both cavitiessimultaneously acting like an intracavity filter.

In one embodiment of this the rate of change of the frequency shifter isless than the cavity round trip time. In this structure is a laserundergoing laser oscillation and so the frequency sweep could be as slowor fast (the sweeping in one preferred embodiment is slow compared tothe round-trip time) and there is much less concern about degradation inthe buildup of amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise and subsequentreduction in optical signal to noise ratio (OSNR) of this approach dueto its laser cavity characteristics than other approaches. The sweep inthis embodiment could be continuous or it could be stepped. DACs (notspecifically shown) can be used to directly drive the frequencyshifters.

One interesting aspect of this embodiment is that these I-Q modulatortypes of frequency shifters are fundamentally different thanacousto-optic frequency shifters in that the laser light adiabaticallyjumps back cavity modes as the laser is swept in frequency.Advantageously, seed lasers, tunable optical filters, isolators andother elements can be added to this cavity to improve operation at theexpense of complexity. FIG. 13 shows two frequency shifters in parallelhowever, more or less could be used. More frequency shifters configuredin parallel can produce a better rejection of unwanted cavity modes andthe expense of increased complexity and wafer yield issues.

FIG. 14 shows yet another embodiment of a tunable optical sourceaccording to an aspect of the present disclosure. More particularly,FIG. 14 shows a schematic block diagrams illustrating a ring laserconfiguration having a frequency shifter and an optional tracking filterwherein the frequency shifter is configured to shift light entering intoit to a new frequency that is closely aligned with a ring cavity mode.In this embodiment the frequency shifter is driven at a rateapproximately equal to the round trip frequency (1/(round-trip-time)) ora multiple of the round trip frequency. In this fashion the lightremains more coherent as it propagates around the cavity, and therebysuppresses ASE noise buildup and at each circulation the frequency isincremented and this results in a step wise sawtooth frequency sweep. Anoptional isolator can be included in the cavity but in a number ofembodiments it is not needed.

The laser depicted in FIG. 14 may benefit from a tunable tracking filterto extend the tuning range and to keep unwanted cavity modes frombuilding up in power. In other embodiments—particularly where smalleroptical frequency sweep is needed—no tracking filter is needed.

Shown as an illustrative example, in the lower right hand corner of FIG.14 there is the optical amplifier gain spectrum, the ring cavity modes,and the tracking filter. In one embodiment the tracking filter has afinesse of ˜100, a bandwidth of ˜1 nm, and a tuning speed of 10 MHz.There are a variety of other embodiments that are possible. Note that itmay be highly beneficial that the tracking filter be synchronous withthe cavity mode hoping from mode to mode.

As is known, chromatic dispersion and non-linear tuning of the filtercan cause it to become slightly misaligned. It is possible to adjust thefrequency shifter drive frequency and/or the tuning rate of the filterso they remain properly aligned. The seed laser can be connected by anon/off switch and a coupler, a 2:1 optical switch, or the seed laseritself can be turned on or off directly. Such a laser can be aligned toone of the lower cavity modes and have the proper power and coherentlength characteristics suitable for the imaging application. The lasercan be directly turn on/off at the start of the sweep or the laser canbe left on to achieve stable operation and a separate on/off modulatorcan be use.

As noted above, to account for slight changes in the round-trip-time asthe laser is scanned in frequency the frequency shifter frequency can beslightly adjusted in time to ensure that the shift of the light remainsat or near a cavity resonance mode.

If the frequency shifter depicted in FIG. 14 is constructed using theapproach described previously with respect to the configuration of FIG.9(c), then it is possible to alter the function of the device “on thefly”. That is, the device of FIG. 9(c)—with the addition of the normalelectrically adjustable phase trims (not specifically shown)—canadvantageously implement a variety of intensity and phase modulationwaveforms.

For example it is possible to slowly or rapidly change the modulationformat from “pass through mode” (e.g. no intensity or phase modulation)to frequency shifting mode. One advantage of this type of operation isit is possible to let the laser light circulate more than oneround-trip-time within the laser cavity. This has the further advantageof allowing the sweep rate to be decreased (for more SNR during datacollection) and allows the laser light to increase its coherence andsettle for a longer time into the proper laser cavity mode. Oneadditional benefit of this approach is that the laser sweep rate can bereconfigured on the fly to integer multiples of the fundamental sweeprate.

A basic idea behind this operation is that the laser operates at acavity mode for one or more round-trip times. Then it is desired to moveto a new cavity mode. Instead of just tuning a filter and restarting thelaser at the new cavity mode and waiting for light in the laser cavityto build up from ASE and other noise sources, the new laser cavity modeis seeded with a strong light signal from the previous cavity mode. Thishas the benefit of improving both the coherence of the light and therate at which the laser cavity can be tuned.

Note that with configurations such as those depicted in FIG. 14 thereare various types of tracking filter that can be used including a singleor multiple set of coupled ring resonators, Mach-Zehnder, Fabry Perot,and grating filters. As noted, it is possible to use no tracking filterat all specially for relatively short sweep ranges.

With reference now to FIGS. 15(a) and 15(b), there they show alternateembodiments of a reconfigurable laser modulator that exhibits a state ofeither frequency shift or pass-through. The top path in each FIGS. 15(a)and 15(b) includes a frequency shifter. The bottom path includes a pathlength and loss trimming and matching fiber and other electro-opticalcharacteristics that can be matched to the upper path. FIG. 15(a) showsan example configuration wherein on/off modulators are used along withpassive couplers. FIG. 15(b) shows an example wherein 1:2 and 2:1optical switches are used. Such switches can be Mach Zehnder or othertypes of integrated optical switches.

At this point it is notable that it may be beneficial to use siliconphotonics for much of the PIC fabrication and couple another type ofelectrically or optical pumped optical gain medium that is configured towork in a double pass geometry through a gain medium. A double pass gaingeometry can be beneficial in embodiments where the majority of the PICis a single silicon photonic integrated circuit and that PIC is buttcoupled (or otherwise coupled) to an InP or other material optical gainmedium. It is possible to use a beam splitter and a double passamplifier (where one facet of the amplifier is HR coated) instead of aunidirectional amplifier. Another approach is to use a combination ofhalf wave plate and quarter wave plates and a polarization beam splitterto allow for more efficient operation. However such polarizationisolation approaches require the gain medium be able to support bothpolarizations.

FIG. 16 shows an example of an embodiment of a tunable laser wherein thefrequency shifter operates in a linear cavity (not a ring configuration)and a gain medium operates in a double pass geometry. High speed DACscan be directly coupled with the tuning elements to ensure rapid,high-speed agile tuning.

With reference now to FIG. 17(a), there it shows linear cavity examplesof tunable lasers that do not employ a frequency shifter modulator. Whenthere is no frequency shifter, in one exemplary embodiment the lasermode hops as it tunes. In other alternative exemplary embodiments cavitylength adjustments may be made along with other approaches to minimizemode-hopes. It yet another exemplary embodiment the laser operates inseveral laser modes at once (e.g. multi-mode) and the groups ofdifferent modes are active as the nominal laser frequency is tuned.

FIG. 17(b) shows an exemplary embodiment employing one ring resonatorand FIG. 17(c) shows another exemplary embodiment where two ringresonators are employed. In a preferred embodiment of the embodiment ofFIG. 17(c), the ring resonators have different free spectral ranges andthe two rings operate in a vernier tuning mode to extend the tuningrange of the laser beyond that possible with just one ring resonator.

FIGS. 18(a)-18(b) shows an example of a complete photonic integratedcircuit similar to some of the systems shown in previously. The receiverportion is a dual polarization FQ dual balanced configuration similar tothose shown in FIGS. 4, 5, and 6. This particular illustrativeembodiment uses a silicon photonic PIC with a recessed region thatcontains an InP two-channel optical gain element. One side of the InPgain element contains HR coatings and the other side (which interfaceswith the SiPh PIC) contains angled facets to minimize any unwantedreflections. As described earlier an alternative to this butt coupledInP gain element approach shown in FIG. 18, other types of but coupledgain elements other than InP can be used and furthermore it is possibleto monolithically integrated the gain on the PIC substrate (and not usebutt coupling) by using known approaches such as growth of III-V quantumdots (e.g. InAs), Germanium, or InP or by using wafer bonding approachesand evanescent or other optical coupling of the light from the siliconphotonic circuit into the bonded optical gain element. The optical gainelements can be optically or electrically pumped.

In this embodiment there are two separate gain elements in the InP chipthat contain gain peaks at different wavelengths. In this manner it ispossible to have an optical frequency sweep that is broader than onegain element can provide. In another embodiment (not shown) one elementis used instead of two for simplicity. In other embodiments there couldbe more than two gain elements for even broader frequency sweeping. Atthe output of the upper gain element there is a phase shifter. Thisphase shifter can be thermal or electro-optically tuned.

One purpose of this phase shifter is to match the nominal optical pathlengths such that in spectral areas where the laser light hassignificant components from both gain elements the light from each gainelement constructively combines in the coupler. One purpose of the MachZehnder combiner (M/Z Combiner) is to optimize coupling of light to theupper gain element or the lower gain element. For example when the laseris operating at a wavelength aligned with the peak of the lower gainelement this M/Z would have a null at the upper gain element gain peak.At a laser wavelength aligned with the peak of the upper gain elementthe M/Z would have a null in transmission at the lower gain peak. ThisM/Z could also contain adjustable phase shifter elements (not shown) toallow for active alignment. There are other combinations of M/Zfiltering functions and gain peak arrangements that are possible.

Operationally, the laser depicted in FIGS. 18(a)-18(b) operates in amanner similar to that shown in FIG. 13 in that two frequency shiftersare utilized and driven at different rates but the laser is in aMichelson interferometer embodiment instead of a ring cavity laserconfiguration. There are two frequency shifters and the outputs of thefrequency shifters are connected to loop mirrors and thus the frequencyshifters operate in a double pass configuration. Note that this laserembodiment could be replaced with the other laser embodiments asdescribed elsewhere in this document. This includes a single frequencyshifter approach, a single frequency shifter with a tunable trackingfilter, and a tunable laser with no frequency shifter at all. One couldemploy more or less frequency shifters than shown in FIGS. 18(a)-18(b).

Note that while FIGS. 18(a)-18(b) do not explicitly illustrate a seedlaser, those skilled in the art will recognize that an integrated orexternal seed laser with appropriate interconnect may be incorporatedinto the structure(s) shown therein according to aspects of the presentdisclosure. Alternatively, and as discussed previously, there are waysto eliminate the need for a seed laser by incorporating wavelengthselective optical elements.

The PIC output couplers and PIC input couplers are surface gratingcouplers and may be similar to those shown previously in FIG. 5 exceptthat in FIG. 18(a), only one PIC output surface grating coupler (SGC)port is used and the reference and sample probe light splitting is doneexternal to the PIC. FIG. 18(b) shows an alternate embodiment for theProbe out and the Ref out that has a 90/10 splitter and two 1D outputgrating couplers on the PIC.

The reference input coupler is a 1D surface grating coupler and leads totwo multi-mode interference (MMI) couplers to provide for X and Ypolarization. The probe input coincides of a 2D surface grating couplerwith normal fiber incidence. Each of the two common polarization armsare couple via a phase shifter and nearly 50/50 coupler into a commonoptical path and then coupled to the MMI couplers. The output of eachMMI coupler consists of two differential outputs that form adual-balanced I/Q receiver. The unused ports of the near 50/50 couplerscan be used for power monitoring. An alternative to using a 2D normalincidence surface grating coupler is to use a 2D non-normal incidencecoupler.

With reference now to FIG. 19, there it shows another illustrativeembodiment according to the present disclosure that uses facet couplersinstead of the surface grating couplers shown in FIG. 18(a). One benefitof facet couplers is they can achieve both low loss and very broadcoupling bandwidth at the expense of fabrication and alignmentcomplexity and the requirement for a planar polarization splitter androtator. To achieve polarization rotation and splitting then the facetcouplers are followed by integrated polarization beam splitters andintegrated polarization rotators (PBSR) in the probe arm input channel.To achieve a long delay with low loss in the long arm of the k-clock(e.g. 2-20 mm) SiN, SiON, or other waveguide structures can be used.Also shown in FIG. 19 is a seed laser that contains a fixed (or tunable)Bragg grating reflector. This seed laser and be turned on and off byapplying electrical current to the gain medium. The seed laser can beused to start the initial conditions of the frequency sweep in the lasercavity. The seed laser is optional.

For very broad coupling bandwidth, one can use facet couplers withspot-size converters as shown in FIGS. 19, 20, and 21. If these facetcouplers are used instead of the 2D grating couplers, then the facetcouplers must be followed by integrated polarization beam splitters andintegrated polarization rotators in one output of the polarization beamsplitters (PBSR).

An integrated polarization beam splitter can be, for example, adirection coupler in silicon wire waveguides that is 100/0 coupling forTM and nearly 0/100 for TE. A polarization rotator can be, for example,an adiabatic transformation that uses asymmetric waveguidestructures/placements to achieve significant mode splitting when thewaveguide modes are hybrid TE/TM modes.

Note in both FIGS. 18(a)-18(b) and 19 it is possible to configure usinganother embodiment that only has one frequency shifter in series with atunable optical filter, or no frequency shifter at all and just tunableoptical filters. It is also possible to add in PIC optical isolatorsusing couplers and phase modulators.

FIG. 20 shows another illustrative embodiment integrated onto a SiPh PICincluding with a widely tunable laser using tunable filters. As may beobserved, a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) switch switches betweentwo ring-resonator-based tunable filters. The ring resonators areVernier tuned.

The tuning works as follows. The MZI sends the light to the uppertunable filter. The upper filter begins to tune from one end of the gainspectrum to the other. When the phase tuners in the rings run out ofadjustment range, the second filter is adjusted to be at the samewavelength as the upper filter and same phase but using phase tuners setat the beginning of their ranges. The switch then switches and the lowerfilter tunes and the phase tuners in the upper filter reset.

When the lower filter exceeds its adjustment range, the switch switchesback to the upper filter and the overall process continues. As may beappreciated, this type of swept laser may experience mode hops as thewavelength is tuned. However, phase tuners may be positioned in eachring resonator section such that they remain in a cavity mode and theswitch operates every time one of these phase shifters exceeds itsnormal range. In this way the frequency sweeping could be mode-hop freeor with reduced mode-hops. In order to be near mode-hop free, as theswitch switches, the relative phase between the two paths is adjusted bezero, so that during the switching, which necessarily takes a finiteamount of time, the laser does not mode hop. Also, other tunable filterscould be substituted for these double-ring resonator structures.

Alternatively, if one does not care about the presence of mode hoppingduring tuning, then one could eliminate the switch and just oneVernier-tuned ring resonator set. In this case, one possibility is todrive the two ring resonators with programmed voltages viadigital-to-analog converters so that the wavelength sweep is monotonicacross the band. There would likely be mode hopping because the ringvoltages would have to be non-monotonic and would have to reset attimes. An alternative possibility is to drive one ring with a monotonicvoltage waveform, leaving the other one substantially constant. Thiswould cause the wavelength to tune in discrete steps. After this sweepof one ring, then the second ring could be adjusted a small amount andthen the first ring swept again. This would allow one to eventuallycover all the wavelengths in the band, but in a non-monotonic,moving-comb fashion. Post detection reordering of the frequency samplesin a DSP unit could be used to perform the FFT.

In yet another illustrative embodiment of the structures depicted inFIG. 20 it is possible to use just one gain element in the gain chipthereby eliminating the M/Z combiner and reducing fabrication complexityat the expense of tuning range. It is also possible to reducefabrication complexity and cost to use just one set of tunable filtersand thus eliminate the M/Z switch in applications that require lesstuning speed and tuning range.

Yet another illustrative embodiment according to the present disclosureis shown schematically in FIG. 21. In this illustrative embodiment shownin FIG. 21 there is a single frequency shifter and a tunable trackingfilter constructed using a length-imbalanced Mach Zehnder interferometerhaving a large free-spectral range. As may be readily appreciated, alarge free-spectral range makes tracking easier. A narrower band tunabletracking filter can be used but requires a more complicated filterstructure if it is desirable to tune the whole frequency band withoutany resets. Also there is one output fact coupler/spot-size converterfor the probe and reference outputs which are then split using anexternal splitter.

Yet another illustrative embodiment according to the present disclosureis shown schematically in FIG. 22. It contrast to the structuresdepicted in FIG. 21, the structure(s) of FIG. 22 includes adual-polarization arbitrary I/Q modulator comprising out of phaseshifters, splitters, combiners, and a Mach-Zehnder modulator. Thevarious phase shifters are for adjusting optical path lengths and may becarrier depletion, or other types of modulators and may be thermal orelectro-optically activated. The outputs of the two modulators arecombined in a PBSR and it is also possible to use simpler absorptivetypes of modulators at the expense of higher loss. Other types ofmodulators are possible such as fast VOAs.

FIG. 23(a) shows an illustrative example schematic of silicon PICaccording to an aspect of the present disclosure. A receiver portioncomprises a single-polarization dual-balanced I/Q receiver similar tothat shown previously in FIG. 3. The PIC delay is included within thePIC. A laser contains InP gain chip butt coupled to a silicon photonicintegrated circuit similar to that shown in FIGS. 18-22. The lasercavity includes of two Vernier tuned ring resonators, a fast phase tunerelement, and a single loop reflector. The output waveguides are coupledto a facet coupler labeled “output” which further coupled to a singlemode optical fiber. FIG. 23(b) shows a photograph of the device. FIG.23(c) shows the output laser tuning characteristic over ˜4.8 THz. Widerwavelength tuning is possible.

Note that the structures depicted in FIGS. 18-23 show an optical gainchip set into a silicon photonics PIC. There are a variety of othermethods to add an optical gain compatibility with a silicon substratesuch as using wafer bonding, regrowth, or directly doping the siliconPIC with germanium or rare earth dopants to provide gain. Furthermore itis possible to build the entire PIC out of another optically compatiblemedium such as InP, InAs, GaAs, GaAlAs, InGaAs, or many other opticallycompatible semiconductor materials. For example, it has beendemonstrated that InAs quantum dot (QD) lasers can be applied directlyto silicon to produce optical gain in the 1.3 um region. Some of thesecited approaches can have the benefit of providing gain in one mediumbut the disadvantage of being less compatible with the silicon processescommonly used in semiconductor foundries.

To couple from a PIC to either a fiber or free space optics, a broadbandlow-loss coupling is needed. As discussed earlier, two common methods toachieve this are surface grating couplers and fact coupling (alsoreferred to as end-coupling or butt-coupling). Such coupling is neededat the interfaces from the integrated components (dotted lines in FIGS.2-7 and in the Probe out, Ref Out, Probe In, and Ref In of FIGS. 18-23)or wherever there are input/output locations where light travels on oroff the PIC.

Coupling may also be needed—as discussed earlier—if the swept sourcelaser contains optical path lengths in fiber, and/or if the increaseddelay is needed between the 9/10 coupler and the k-clock input. Asdiscussed earlier in some particular embodiments PIC surface gratingcouplers are used and in other embodiments facet/end/butt coupling isused. To achieve a robust and manufacturable system, it is convenient toplace multiple fibers (2, 3, 4, or more depending on the systemrequirements) in a single glass block that is precisely manufactured tohave the same dimensional separation between fibers as the separation ofthe PIC inputs and outputs. The fibers can be housed and secured in theglass block using epoxy and polished as a unit to ensure low-losscoupling. A manual or automatic multi-axis machine can be used to alignthe glass block to the fiber waveguide interfaces on the PIC. FIG. 24shows and example of a low loss fiber assembly housing three single modeoptical fibers coupled to a silicon photonic circuit containingmodulators and receiver that we have constructed.

A PIC may be housed our otherwise contained in any of a number ofoptical mechanical packages known in the art. However it is highlybeneficial if the PIC is closely integrated with the transimpedanceamplifiers (TIA) and that both are contained in one package. There areseveral methods for achieving this proximity as shown in FIGS.25(a)-25(c) which depict co-packaging of the PIC and electronics. FIG.25(a) shows the PIC mounted in a ceramic or metal package, wirebondedwith TIAs and driver circuits. The driver circuit may contain modulatordrivers, phase shifter drivers, thermal drivers, and DACs, among othercomponents.

Alternatively those active electrical components may be located externalto the package. FIG. 25(b) shows an example where the PIC is co-packagedwith the TIAs and a digital circuit such as an ASIC, FPGA, or othermixed signal electronics.

FIG. 25(c) shows an example embodiment in which the TIAs are furtherintegrated with an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC). Wirebonds, die bonds, wafer stacking, and other approaches can be used tooptically, mechanically, and electrically interface with the PIC.

FIG. 26 shows an illustrative example where the PIC and ASIC are diebonded to a substrate that may comprise silicon, FR4, or anothersuitable substrate carrier that also contains ball bonds. It is possibleto replace the substrate ball bonds with leads or pins in alternateembodiments. The substrate carrier could be active or passive device.Also shown is a metal cover and heat sink and thermal coupler to connectthe top of the ASIC to the cover and heat sink.

As may now be readily apparent to those skilled in the art,interferometric ranging, sensing, imaging and communication systems suchas swept source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) systems orfree-space optical communication systems can greatly benefit fromincreases in photonic integration. Significantly, photonic integrationoffers the potential of reduced size, lower costs, and improvedperformance.

As may be further appreciated, many such systems require lateralscanning to produce a 2D or 3D image of a sample's optical properties.Free space optical communication systems require active pointing and/ortracking of narrow beams. And while such scanning may be accomplishedthrough the effect of electro-mechanical scanning such as galvanometricbeam scanners, MEMs scanners, PZTs, or rotating fibers—among others.These electro-mechanical approaches oftentimes characterized by highcost, large size, and relatively poor performance. In sharp contrast—andaccording to an aspect of the present disclosure—photonic phased arraysoffer the potential to implement electronic scanning of the light andcan be compact, low-cost, fast, and can enable a wide variety of otherimportant optical functions such as compensation of aberrations,extended depth of focus, and focus adjustment.

Turning now to FIG. 27 there it shows a schematic showing anillustrative example a photonic phased array according to an aspect ofthe present disclosure. As may be understood by reference to FIG. 27,light from an optical system—for example an SS-OCT system or an opticalcommunication transceiver—is coupled into a photonic phased arrayincluding one or more networks that control the amplitude and phase ofthe light hitting each antenna network element. As depicted therein, asequential flow of an amplitude distribution network, phase distributionnetwork, and antenna elements network are shown. Notably—and as may beappreciated—that there are different topologies that can be used. Forexample, in an illustrative embodiment gain and phase elements may bedistributed as opposed to being arranged as distinctly cascaded blocks.In addition, amplitude and phase elements may be fixed in time (static)or one or more of them may be adjustable. Finally, the antenna array maybe a linear 1D array or 2D array.

As may now be appreciated, there exist applications of fixed amplitudeand phase including the implementation of complex optical fields thatcan compensate for aberrations between the photonic phased array and thesample, or implement extended depth of focus (e.g. extending theRayleigh range) over which the light remains tightly focused within thesample. Another example of an application for a fixed amplitude andphase phased array is an SECM like application where angular tuning isaccomplished by tuning the wavelength of the source.

In one exemplary embodiment the amplitude distribution to each antennaelement is fixed and phase elements are adjustable in response toelectronic commands (electronic system not specifically shown in FIG.27). By adjusting the phase distribution to the antenna element networkthe beam may advantageously be scanned in one or two dimensions. One mayalso simultaneously incorporate the above mentioned aberrationcorrection and extended depth of focus with 1D or 2D scanning. It isalso possible to actively adjust the focus.

As noted in FIG. 27 there could be, and often are, additional passiveoptical elements such as lenses, windows, sheathing, fold mirrors, andother active optical and electrooptical elements between the photonicphased array and the sample.

Notably, there are a wide variety of antenna elements that may beemployed including surface grating couplers, small apertures overcoupled waveguides, and end-facet coupling to name just a few. It iswell known that the output field from a phased array is the product ofthe antenna element pattern and the array pattern and that bycontrolling the intensity of the elements near the edges, the side-lobesin the far field are reduced.

An illustrative embodiment of the concepts introduced in FIG. 27 isshown schematically in FIG. 28. As depicted therein, light from theoptical system is coupled to a series of one or more splitters. Thesplitters can be direction couplers, MIMI devices, or other suitablepower splitting devices. Even active adjustable splitting ratios arepossible using approaches such as tunable Mach-Zehnder splitters Thesplit ratios can be equal but in alternative embodiment(s) they are notequal to advantageously provide minimal side lobes in the far field.

Coupling of the optical system to the photonic phased array can be viaan optical fiber or lenses or alternatively may be accomplished byintegrating some or all of the optical system on the same substrate asthe photonic phased array. It is also possible to have two photonicintegrated circuits in close proximity with facet coupling betweensubstrates.

Note that as shown in FIG. 28, the elements of the array can be a 1Darray (as shown) or the antenna elements can be arranged in a 2D array.A 1D phased array may exhibit an advantage over a 2D phased array inthat the antenna elements can be located very close together to minimizeside-lobes or higher-order interference. In a 1D embodiment if theantenna elements have wavelength dependent emission angle, as is thecase with many types of surface grating emitters, then the angularpattern can be tuned in one dimension by wavelength tuning of the source(or receiver) and tuned in the other dimension by phase tuning of theantenna elements. In another illustrative embodiment the elements can belocated in an arbitrary N×M rectangular pattern or a circularlysymmetric pattern or any other 2D pattern and 2D scanning can beimplemented.

Note that some photonic antenna element designs, depending on how theyare fed, operate mainly on one polarization mode. It is possible todesign into the antenna element, or its optical feeding structure,polarizers to reduce or eliminate unwanted polarization propagation.Conversely it is possible to design a photonic phased array that canreceive two nearly orthogonal polarizations. This is possible, forexample, by using surface grating couplers, and coupling the firstpolarization mode of the antenna element to a first amplitude and phasedistribution network and coupling the second polarization mode to aseparate second amplitude and phase distribution network. Anotherapproach is to have two antenna element networks, one for a firstpolarization mode and one for a second polarization mode that are sentto separate receivers.

Turning now to FIG. 29 there is shown a schematic of an illustrative N×Mrectangular embodiment of a photonic phased array that exhibits adifferent feed structure than that depicted in FIG. 28. Light from theoptical system is coupled via optical fiber, waveguide, or lenses orother suitable methods to a network of optical busses. Along the top ofthe diagram depicted in FIG. 29 is a column bus including directionalcouplers (or other types of couplers) that tap off light into a seriesof columns busses. The coefficients Cl through CM can be designed to setthe amount of light power delivered to each row to be equal or inalternative embodiments may be anodized to minimize far field sidelobes. Each column has further directional couplers Ci1 through CiN thatcouples light into a phase shifter and then to an antenna element.

Note that the column coupling can be passive or active and optical gainelements can be used to boost the signal at the expense of design andfabrication and control complexity. In one exemplary embodiment thecoupling coefficients are static and no optical gain elements are usedin the photonic array.

As mentioned above, the column and row coupling coefficients can betailored to minimize side lobes or a uniform antenna power profile canbe achieved. It is possible to integrate VOAs (variable opticalattenuators) into the waveguide row or columns or antenna elements atthe expense of fabrication and operation complexity. It is useful tominimize reflections and termination of unused light (see elements inFIG. 29 marked by “T”). Similarly, all the other structures in thephotonic phased array may be designed to minimize unwanted reflectionsincluding the antenna elements themselves.

As may be readily appreciated by those skilled in the art, a variety ofphase control elements can be implemented in structures/systemsaccording to the present disclosure. For example, in one illustrativeembodiment a phase shifter includes thermal heaters positioned on top ofoptical waveguides. A series of electrically isolated column and rowmetal traces or wires are overlaid on top of the N×M photonic array.Alternatively, carrier injection, carrier depletion, or otherelectro-optical techniques may be employed.

With reference now to FIG. 30(a), there is shown in schematic form anillustrative example wherein light is coupled into a photonic phasedarray using end-facet coupling from, for example, an optical fiber andthe photonic phased array emits light substantially out of the plane ofthe photonic chip. As may be readily appreciated, the phased array maybe a 1D or a 2D (as shown) array.

FIG. 30(b) shows an illustrative example wherein input light from theoptical system is coupled via a surface grating coupler and the photonicphased array is a 1D array that uses facet output coupling. Analternative arrangement to couple input light to that shown in FIG.30(b) is instead of coupling from the top of the chip, couple the inputlight via the back side of the photonic chip by etching and thinning thewafer near the vicinity of the input surface grating coupler. Thisapproach can be used for any of the embodiments shown in FIG. 30(a),(b), or (c). Such an approach may be particularly attractive when usedfor forward scanning in an endoscope configuration such as discussedlater with respect to FIG. 33(b).

FIG. 30(c) depicts an illustrative embodiment of an integrated photonic1D phased array. Light from an optical system (not specifically shown)is coupled into an input optical waveguide, for example, using end facetcoupling (as shown) or a surface grating coupler. The input light iscoupled to a power splitter. The split ratio of the power splitter maybe uniform or may be tailored to minimize side-lobes as is known in theart of antenna array theory. As may be further observed from that FIG.39(c), the inset shows with curved double arrow X Y plane and the Y Zplane.

The power splitter directs light via optical waveguides to phaseshifters. The phase shifters may be thermally driven or carrierinjection, carrier depletion, or employ other electro-optical effects.Phase shifters are connected to electrical signal control lines (notshown). The output of the phase shifters is coupled to antenna elements.

In one illustrative embodiment the antenna elements are closely spacedin the z-dimension to minimize side-lobes. By increasing the number ofantenna elements (z-dimension), the beam divergence in the y-z plane canbe reduced. If the array aperture in the x-dimension is much smallerthan the array aperture in the z-dimension, the beam divergence in thex-y plane will be larger than the divergence in the y-z plane. To allowlight from the phase array to be effectively focused into a sample, itis sometimes desirable to have roughly a symmetric focal spot.

To accomplish this, an optional cylindrical lens can be located wherethe beam waists are substantially the same (alternatively anamorphicprism-pairs can be used). Using this lens, in combination withadditional lenses and/or proper phasing of the phase shifters, allowsthe light to focus into a sample of interest and to collect light from asample. If the antenna elements are elongated such that the emission isover an effective area such that the array aperture is closer to equalin the x-z plan, a cylindrical lens is not needed.

Phase scanning is accomplished by adjusting the phase shifters as isknown in the art of antenna array theory. In one preferred embodiment,angular scanning of the peak of the emission is accomplished in the y-zplane in response to changes in the phase shifters. As mentioned above,by proper phasing a curved phase front emitted from the array can alsobe achieved simultaneously with angular scanning.

Those skilled in the art will appreciate that it is possible that theantenna elements have an emission angle in the x-y plane that iswavelength dependent. This can be achieved by a variety of methodsincluding the use of some types of surface grating couplers. In such anembodiment it is possible to steer the emission from the photonic phasedarray shown in FIG. 30(c) in the x-y plane by tuning the wavelength ofthe input light and have additional angular tuning in the y-z plane bytuning the phase shifters. Thus 2D scanning can be achieved. If awavelength tunable optical source, similar in characteristic to thatused in an SS-OCT system, is used then the sample can be scanned in thex-y plane via wavelength tuning and in the y-z plane via phase tuning.Light backscattered from the sample (not specifically shown) iscollected via reciprocity and directed into the input optical waveguideback to the optical system (not specifically shown). Advantageously, theoptical system may be a coherent optical receiver or an incoherentoptical receiver. Note that it is also possible to have a combination ofphased array scanning in one dimension (e.g., Y-Z plane) andadditionally have more traditional scanning in either the same plane orin another plane (e.g., X-Y plane).

With reference now to FIG. 31, there is shown in schematic form anillustrative embodiment wherein the entire interferometric opticalsystem (e.g. SS-OCT system) is integrated in a photonic chip along witha phase array. Advantageously, similar topologies may exist forfree-space optical communication systems.

Show in the FIG. 31 is a tunable laser and isolator, coupled to a spiralreference-arm delay line and a phase array. The delay line approximatelymatches the propagation distance from the laser to the sample and backto the receivers with the propagation distance from the laser throughthe reference arm back to the receivers. If this laser has a very longcoherence length then there is less need to match these distances.

Light coupled back into the phased array is combined with an MMI coupler(or other type of coupler) with light passing through the reference armdelay into an in-phase and quadrature dual balanced integrated detector.There is also shown an optional k-clock delay and associatedphotodetectors.

In another illustrative embodiment the tunable laser and isolator may belocated off the photonic chip and just the phased array and in-phasequadrature dual-balanced receivers located on chip. Advantageously, thephased array may be static or may be tunable to scan in 1D or 2D or evenadjust its focus to scan in 3D. Although a spiral reference arm-delay isshown there are a variety of other types of delays that may be used and,in addition, it is possible to add heaters to the reference arm to allowfor some tunability in the total reference arm delay. Note that inalternative illustrative embodiments, the reference arm may be located“off chip”.

In one illustrative embodiment the photonic circuit may be a siliconphotonic integrated circuit (PIC) although other types of material andgroup III-V elements can be used such as InP. Advantageously, siliconphotonic integrated circuits are known to have high yields and otherattractive manufacturing properties. Notably, normal silicon exhibits aloss of about 0.5 dB/cm so the length of the reference arm is limited.To aid in low loss of the long on-chip reference arm delay, SiN could beused. Note that due to the difference in the optical paths between thesample and reference arm (e.g. the reference arm is entirely in thephotonic integrated circuit and the sample arm light is propagatedoutside the photonic integrated circuit) the combined light at thephotodetector will contain different amounts of chromatic dispersion andother optical path differences. To achieve Fourier transform limitedresolution the chromatic dispersion can be compensated for viaelectronic processing as is known in the art.

As discussed previously, it is possible to design the phase array toscan in one dimension via wavelength tuning of the source and scan inthe other dimension via adjustment of the phase tuning elements. Usingthis approach it is possible to make a 2D imaging system. In this casethe phased array can be a 1D phased array or it is still possible to usea 2D array. The advantage of a 1D array is that the antenna elements canbe located in very close proximity to minimize side-lobes or higherorder interference patterns.

Although FIG. 31 shows an example of a single-polarization receiver, asmentioned above, those skilled in the art will readily realize that itis possible to have a dual polarization system by designing nearlyorthogonal feeds to the antenna elements and having two sets of antennaamplitude and phase feed networks and a second in-phase and quadraturedual-balanced receiver.

FIG. 32 depicts an illustrative example of a system wherein a laser,circulators, and reference arm are located off a photonic chip and thephotonic chip includes a phased array, optional k-clock, and in-phaseand quadrature dual-balanced detectors. Notably, one advantage of usingcirculators instead of splitters is increased optical efficiency andoptical isolation.

With reference now to FIG. 33, there is shown an illustrative example(s)according to the present disclosure of a photonic phased array usedinside an optical probe such as a guidewire, catheter, endoscope,laparoscope, needle, hand-held probe or other medical or non-medicaldevice. More specifically, FIG. 33(a) a side imaging probe, FIG. 33(b)shows a forward imaging probe, and FIG. 33(c) shows a forward-imaginghand-held imaging probe. As may be appreciated these illustrations arenot to scale and are only intended to illustrate certain aspects toenable one skilled in the art to incorporate a photonic phased arrayinto medical or non-medical probes. Those skilled in the art willreadily appreciate that a variety of other configurations and/orcomponents are compatible with and potentially useful for the otherconfigurations.

As may be further appreciated, these several illustrative embodimentsare shown to illustrate how a compact and low-cost integrated photonicphased array can be used according to particular aspects of the presentdisclosure. Other embodiments are also possible such as integrating aphotonic phased array into microscope, a surgical intervention device, atethered capsule or free swallow-able capsule similar to those sold byGiven Imaging (PillCam), etc.

With reference to FIG. 33(a), a side imaging probe includes an opticalfiber that is end facet coupled to a PIC containing a phased array thatis inside an elongated housing that further includes optional sheathing,support, and structural elements such as a torque cable or polymerjacket or other structural support material. An optional optical lensmay be included to aid the transfer of light to and from a sample andthe phased array.

Advantageously, in particular exemplary embodiments no lens is neededfor some applications and the phased array implements required focusinginto the sample (sample not specifically shown) although a lens may beused for other applications. The elongated housing may contain anoptical window or the entire sheeting may be optically transparent. Notefurther with respect to FIG. 33 that electrical connections required todrive an actively scanned photonic phased array are not specificallyshown in detail but may be contained within the optical housing orlocated alternatively.

As previously noted, the photonic phased array depicted in FIG. 33 (a),(b), and (c) may be a 1D or 2D array. Advantageously, it may be anactive or passive array and may be actively steered in one dimension andwavelength steered in the second dimension and thus implement SECM likescanning in the wavelength steered direction and active phase scanningin the other angular mode. The lens may be a simple symmetric lens or inthe case of a 1D array, may contain a cylindrical lens collimating thefast angular divergent axis and the phase array collimating in the otherslower divergent axis. Finally, the phased array may be a 2D scannedphased array as well where the emission angle does not vary dramaticallyover the tuning of any associated light source.

FIG. 34 shows a diagram according to the present disclosure conceptuallyillustrating focal distance, depth of focus, and an example of anaberration causing element. An example of an aberration causing elementcould be the cylindrical aberration that can be introduced from thecircular sheathing in a guidewire, catheter, or endoscopic probe such asthose shown and described previously with respect to FIG. 33.

One advantage of using the integrated optical phase array is that it ispossible to compensate for the cylindrical aberration or many otheraberrations of the housing or anywhere along the optical path byadjusting the phase and amplitude within the photonic phased array. Thiscan be done in a static fashion or simultaneously with 1 D or 2D activelateral scanning.

Additionally, Bessel beam profiles may be implemented to extend thedepth of focus and it is possible to adjust the focal distance. Allthese factors: aberrations along the optical path between the phasearray and the sample, extended depth of focus, and changing the focaldistance are possible in a static or active phased array in addition to1D or 2D scanning.

FIG. 33(b) shows an illustrative example of forward imaging according toyet another aspect of the present disclosure. Advantageously a rasterscan, spiral scan, or other types of scans known in the art may beemployed with such forward imaging arrangements—including multiplesimultaneous beams emitting from the phased array. As may be observedfrom that FIG. 33(b), input coupling is from a surface coupler that iscoupled from the back side of the PIC which is preferably thinned duringmanufacturing.

With reference now to FIG. 33(c), there is shown an illustrative exampleaccording to the present disclosure wherein an input fiber is facetcoupled and an output photonic phased array comprises a 1D array and isoutput facet coupled. In such an embodiment it is advantageouslypossible to utilize a cylindrical lens placed at a location where beamwaists are the same such that a roughly symmetric beam is focused intothe sample. Of particular note with reference to the illustrativeexamples depicted in FIG. 33 (a), (b), and (c), one may design andconfigure a probe such that the phased array assembly may bemechanically scanned in one dimension (e.g. rotation) whileelectronically scanning in another dimension.

FIG. 35 shows illustrative examples according to the present disclosurewherein a PIC containing a phased array is connected with an electroniccontrol circuitry either by having through silicon vias (TSVs) and waferbonding or using die bonds. As may be understood, it is possible tointegrate a complete electronic wafer with an optical wafer. Theadvantage of close coupling of the photonic PIC and the control circuitis it affords a more compact and reliable system and minimizes complexprocessing that would otherwise be required in the PIC.

Continuing, FIG. 35(a) shows an illustrative example according to thepresent disclosure wherein a phased array PIC is mounted above and inelectrical contact with a control circuitry below it. FIG. 35(b) showsan illustrative example according to yet another aspect of the presentdisclosure wherein a PIC is mounted alongside a control circuit and anintermediate substrate is used to connect the two. Advantageously, sucha substrate can have die or ball bonds or more traditional electricalleads along its edge.

Turning now to FIG. 36, there it shows an illustrative example of analternative configuration that produces the scanning of an optical beamfrom an integrated photonic circuit. As shown, it is possible to connectan optical system such as an SS-OCT system to a set of spatial waveguideswitches that are connected to individual integrated photonicemitters/antennas. If the antenna elements are located near the focalplane of the optical system (shown by a simple lens) then, as the lightis switched from one element to the next, the angle of the lightemanating from the lens will steer in angle as will the focal spotwithin the sample.

FIG. 37(a) shows in schematic form an illustrative example according toan aspect of the present disclosure of an optical system such as anSS-OCT system coupled into a spatial switched network that couples intoindividual fibers within a multi-core optical fiber. The multicoreoptical fiber has distal optics, schematically shown as a simple lens,which couples light to and from a sample of interest. In one embodimentthis may be a photonic integrated circuit implementation of an SS-OCTsystem with multiple sample arms.

Those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that there exist avariety of types of multi-core optical fibers. Multi-core fiber canqualitatively be described as multiple optical fibers in one. As itsname implies there is usually a common cladding material and multiplecore materials. Multicore fibers can have as little as two cores orfibers with cores in excess of 10 have been demonstrated. Multicoreoptical fibers are becoming of increased interest in fiber optic telecomapplications, particularly in the data center, where multicore fiberspromise to significantly increase the bandwidth capacity of fiber byproviding more light-carrying cores than the single core typical ofconventional fiber. Multicore fibers can be designed as a non-coupled(or weakly coupled) multi-core fiber and a coupled multi-core fiber areknown. In a non-coupled multi-core fiber, respective cores work astransmission passes mostly independent of each other and the cores arecoupled as weakly as possible. In a coupled multi-core fiber, respectivecores are coupled to each other so that the plurality of cores can besubstantially regarded as one multimode transmission path. In thenon-coupled case the cores are usually single spatial mode in theirguiding of light. As it relates to this disclosure, one illustrativeembodiment for SS-OCT is that it is preferable that there be minimaloptical coupling between the cores and the cores are near single modeoperation

Advantageously, the photonic integrated circuit may include of all orpart of the optical system including optical switches and may containsurface grating couplers arranged to allow easy coupling of themulticore optical fiber to the photonic integrated circuit. In oneillustrative embodiment according to the present disclosure, surfacegrating couplers are arranged in a same or substantially similar patternas the multicore optical fiber cores to allow direct butt coupling ofthe fiber and the photonic integrated circuit.

FIG. 37(b) shows another illustrative embodiment wherein a tunable laseris optically coupled to a multicore optical fiber to transmit light to adistant sample. As may be appreciated, light may also be incoming intothe optical system. In contrast to that described previously, multiplereceivers may be mounted on a single photonic integrated circuit.Consequently, light received from a multicore optical fiber may bedetected in a direct detection method or light from a same tunable laser(or a different coherent source) may be coherently combined with lightreceived from the multicore optical fibers and sent to individualcoherent receivers. One advantage to this approach is that the detectionoperates in parallel and eliminates the spatial switching network infavor of separate coherent receivers (one for each core in the multicorefiber).

Note that in the configurations shown in both FIG. 37(a) and FIG. 37(b)connectors may be placed along the optical fiber to allow for—amongother things—ease of use (not specifically shown). The connector may bepositioned where the multicore fiber connects to the PIC/Optical Systemor—in other illustrative embodiments—the connector may be positionedalong the length of the multicore fiber which may be easier to use.

Note further that in the configurations shown in FIG. 37(a) and FIG.37(b), a simple single lens is shown at the distal end of the multicoreoptical fiber to focus the light from the multiple fiber cores into thesample and collect light reflected back from the sample, but as is knownin the art more complex fixed optical elements such as fold mirrors,complex spherical or aspherical lens structures, lens arrays, balllenses, as well as complex active optical elements such as scanningmirrors for circumferential, axial, spiral or forward scanning can beutilized to facilitate 1D, 2D, or 3D imaging.

Returning now to FIG. 31, as noted previously that figure shows anaspect of this disclosure wherein a phased array is located in closeproximity to a transmitter and receiver. In the embodimentillustratively shown in that FIG. 31, the phased array is on the samephotonic substrate. In many applications it is very important to be ableto locate the spatial scanning module (also called a probe module) along distance from the transmitter and receiver. This includes inmedical applications where the scanning can be at the end of a longguidewire, catheter, or endoscope or in other non-medical sensorapplications.

Turning now to FIG. 38(a), there it shows an illustrative exampleaccording to the present disclosure wherein an optical system isconstructed on a photonic integrated circuit including a TX and RXfeatures that use two surface grating couplers (SGC) to couple lightinto a twin-core optical fiber that is part of a probe module. As shown,the connector is located at the interface between the PIC and thetwin-core fiber. It is also possible to use facet coupling and/or havethe connector located along the twin-core fiber. This can be a fixed orremovable connector. Also it is possible to use two separate fibersinstead of a twin-core optical fiber.

As may be appreciated, one advantage of using twin-core optical fiber,preferably single mode twin-core fiber in a common cladding, is that theeffects of the environmental disturbances (e.g. bending, acoustic pickup, temperature effects, vibrations, etc) on creating noise in measuringthe samples optical properties are dramatically reduced. As may befurther appreciated, disturbances cause optical fluctuations in the formof phase, amplitude, and/or polarization alternations that can result insystem measurement noise. By having the two cores in close proximitywithin one cladding, those differential disturbances are dramaticallyreduced as both fibers are in very close proximity to one another alongthe entire path and experience mostly the same disturbance and wheninterferometrically detected much of that common disturbance can cancelout.

Another advantage of such a configuration is that it dramaticallyreduces the tolerances in manufacturing that normally accompanyprecisely cutting a reference arm fiber and then cutting a sample armfiber. Not only does it reduce fiber length cutting tolerances itreduces the need, or at least the longitudinal range requirement, for anadjustable sample arm delay. Because both fibers cores are contained inone cladding they are automatically nearly the exact same length whenthe fiber is cleaved. Thus the use of multi-core optical fiber cansignificantly improve performance over many of today's interferometricsensor, ranging, and imaging systems by reducing effects of one or moreof the following: environmental disturbances on image quality, reducingthe difficulty of precisely cutting fiber lengths in a probe module, andreducing the range requirement of an adjustable sample arm delay unit.In addition as discussed with respect to the configurations shown inFIG. 37, it offers the possibility of multiple sample arm measurementseither sequentially or in parallel.

Returning to our discussion of the configuration depicted in FIG. 38(a),the distal end of the twin core fiber is connected to a remote phasedarray containing power splitters, phase shifters, and antenna elementsas described previously. The phased array transmits light to and from asample of interest (not specifically shown) and is controlled byelectronics and electrical wires (not specifically shown). Within theprobe module, additional optical elements such as fold mirrors, asphericlenses, cylindrical lens, etc may be contained to facilitate guiding oflight to and from the phased array to the sample. Advantageously, theentire probe module could be located a long distance from the opticalsystem. It (the probe module) may be contained within an elongatedhousing similar to that described in FIG. 33 that contains jackets,torque cables, and other structural and functional items that make up aguidewire, catheter, or endoscope.

As depicted in that FIG. 38(a), an integrated phased array is coupled totwin core fiber using surface grating couplers (SGC) however, facetcoupling could also be used. One arm of the twin core fiber is coupledto the phased array and the other arm of the twin core fiber is coupledto a reference reflection. The reference reflected light channel withinthe phased array PIC could contain other active (e.g. a variable opticalattenuator) or passive optical elements. A reference arm facet coupleris connected to a waveguide that has a fixed optical reflection is shownbut an alternative embodiment is simply to have the fiber to PICinterface serve as a reflection in which case no careful alignment isneeded to a waveguide and manufacturing is simplified. Light reflectedfrom the probe modules, phase array channel and reference channels iscoupled back into the optical system PIC that contains optional k-clockdelay and detector, and a dual balanced in-phase and quadrature receiver(DB I/Q RX). Also shown in the optical system in FIG. 38(a) is a Delayin the reference arm that is used to approximately match the referencearm and sample arm distances or delays. This delay can be active orpassive but in one preferred embodiment it is passive for simplicity.

Finally, FIG. 38(b) shows yet another illustrative embodiment accordingto the present disclosure wherein a similar optical system is used butto improve broadband coupling efficiency, facet couplers (FC) are usedon the PIC. Along the transmitter path there is a passive optical modulecontaining a splitter and two Faraday circulators that are coupled to atwin-core optical fiber along one path and back to the receiver in theoptical system. Shown in this FIG. 38(b) is mid-span twin-core opticalconnector which is used to allow the different probe modules to beeasily connected as could be the case in a disposable guidewire,catheter or endoscope medical application. The reference arm of the twincore fiber contains a fixed reflection at the output side of the twincore fiber (indicated by the black dot in the figure). Light from thesample arm of the twin core fiber output is collected and focused andotherwise optically manipulated to optimize focusing of light into, andreflected from, the sample using known micro lens techniques such asball lenses, grin lenses, small injection molded aspheric lenses etc.Shown further in FIG. 38(b) is a distal rotary motor thatcircumferentially spins a small fold mirror to perform circumferentialscanning. It should be clear that other types of scanning mechanismscould be contained in the probe module including a phased array,longitudinal pull back scanning, MEMs scanners, PZT scanning in aforward, side, axial, or rotational scanning mode.

At this point it is noted that is it also possible to use more coresthan the two that are used in twin-core optical fiber. For example athree core optical fiber could be used where the distal light along thelight path from the transmitter laser to the distal end of the probemodule is then coupled into a separate fiber as it travels back towardthe optical system. The advantage of this approach is that it is moreefficient and eliminates one of the couplers in the reference arm pathof FIG. 38(a) or one of the circulators in FIG. 38(b). In general, thereare many embodiments of having the probe module located distally fromthe optical system and interconnecting them with multi-core opticalfiber to allow for ease of fabrication, minimizing effects ofdifferential environmental disturbances.

Finally, although FIG. 38(a) shows a single polarization dual-balanced,in-phase and quadrature receiver there are other types of receivers thatcan be implemented as discussed earlier.

Turning now to FIG. 39 there it shows another illustrative example of asystem according to the present disclosure wherein a photonic integratedoptical system includes a transmitter and receiver and an integratedphotonic phased array used in a free-space optical communication linkbetween a Terminal 1 and a Terminal 2. As is known in the art, freespace laser communication systems, often called LASECOM, are used in awide variety of applications including: interior building point-to-pointcommunication, exterior building to building communication,tower-to-tower communication, air-to-air communication, air-to-groundcommunication, and intersatellite communications to name just a fewexamples. Among the drivers of the design of such systems are: costs,performance, size, data rate, and weight.

As may be appreciated, coherent fiber communication offers great benefitfor high-speed fiber optical systems. Recently a duplex silicon 100 Gb/scoherent transceiver without a transmitter or receiver laser, isolator,or phased array was demonstrated. Notably, FIG. 39 shows a coherent ASICthat interfaces with a transceiver PIC. The coherent ASIC mayadvantageously perform all the forward error correction coding,interleaving, polarization rotation control, PMD, chromatic dispersion,and atmospheric fading compensation as is known in the art. This ASIChas multiple high speed and low speed electrical interfaces to the PICand is preferably mounted in close proximity to the PIC for signalintegrity and design simplicity. The transceiver PIC shown includesseparate transmit and receive lasers although in some applications(where there is no Doppler frequency shift due to motion as in satelliteto satellite communications or where there is sufficient TX to RXoptical isolation) it is possible to use one laser for bothapplications. The transmitter laser is sent to an optical isolator andto an optional wavelength monitor to enable precise control of thetransmitter wavelength. The output is then sent to a modulator which ina preferred embodiment is a dual polarization modulator that implementsa form of quadrature amplitude and/or phase modulation (QPSK, QAM, OOK,etc) on each polarization. In alternate embodiments a singlepolarization transmitter, phased array, and/or receiver is possible. Itis also suitable for many applications to have a single polarizationtransmitter modulator but receive dual polarization. For the diagramillustrated in FIG. 39, the dual polarization modulated output is sendinto a dual polarization transmitter/receiver phased array. There are avariety of methods to implement a dual polarization phased arrayincluding the use of surface grating coupler antenna elements that arewell known to accept separate nearly orthogonal polarizations ondistinct waveguides. Using these separate polarization inputs it ispossible to have two separate feeding networks similar to those shownpreviously in FIG. 28 and FIG. 29. As may be observed, transmitted lightis sent into separate and nearly orthogonal S and P polarization inputs.The received light is coupled and combined with the receiver laser intoseparate dual balanced, in-phase and quadrature single polarizationreceivers. Note that the transmitter S or P polarization is notnecessarily aligned with the receiver H and V polarization and it is thejob of the coherent ASIC to compensate for any misalignment as wouldcontinually occur in LASERCOM applications such as air-to-air opticalcommunications where the relative attitudes of Terminal 1 and Terminal 2are constantly changing.

Note that in FIG. 39 the transceiver PIC and coherent ASIC is shown butit is well known by those skilled in the art that these components arehoused in a larger system that includes other devices such as:telescopes, pointing and tracking systems and devices, gimbals, steeringmirrors, mounting hardware, thermal management systems, power supplies,etc. While FIG. 39 shows a dual polarization system it is also possibleto implement a single polarization system specially when the twoterminals are located in a fixed attitude and location and the need forpolarization tracking is minimized.

At this point those skilled in the art will readily appreciate thatwhile the methods, techniques and structures according to the presentdisclosure have been described with respect to particularimplementations and/or embodiments, those skilled in the art willrecognize that the disclosure is not so limited. In particular, wheremultiple integrated chips are employed, those chips may advantageouslybe closely coupled by positioning them on a common carrier or within acommon packaging. As may be appreciated, in this manner the chips may bephysically close to one another of close in time to one another asappropriate. Accordingly, the scope of the disclosure should only belimited by the claims appended hereto.

1-105. (canceled)
 106. An optical-fiber measurement system comprising:a) an optical transceiver comprising an optical transmitter and anoptical receiver; and b) a multi-core optical fiber having a proximalend with a first optical core coupled to the transceiver and a secondoptical core coupled to the transceiver, and a distal end with the firstoptical core coupled to a sample path and the second optical corecoupled to a reference path, wherein the optical receiver is configuredto interferometrically detect light from the sample path and light fromthe reference path.
 107. The remote optical-fiber measurement system ofclaim 106 further comprising at least one optical connector that couplesthe transceiver to the first and second core of the multi-core opticalfiber.
 108. The remote optical-fiber measurement system of claim 106further comprising at least one optical connector that couples a firstand second portion of the multi core optical fiber.
 109. The remoteoptical-fiber measurement system of claim 106 wherein the distal end ofthe multi-core optical fiber is coupled to a single-element lens. 110.The remote optical-fiber measurement system of claim 106 wherein thedistal end of the multi-core optical fiber is coupled to a multi-elementlens.
 111. The remote optical-fiber measurement system of claim 106wherein the distal end of the multi-core optical fiber is coupled to alens selected from the group consisting of complex spherical lenses,aspherical lens structures, lens arrays, and ball lenses.
 112. Theremote optical-fiber measurement system of claim 106 wherein the distalend of the multi-core optical fiber is coupled to a photonic integratedcircuit.
 113. The remote optical-fiber measurement system of claim 106wherein the distal end of the multi-core optical fiber is coupled to atleast one scanning mirror.
 114. The remote optical-fiber measurementsystem of claim 113 wherein the at least one scanning mirror performscircumferential scanning.
 115. The remote optical-fiber measurementsystem of claim 113 wherein the at least one scanning mirror performsforward scanning.
 116. The remote optical-fiber measurement system ofclaim 113 wherein the at least one scanning mirror performs spiralscanning.
 117. The remote optical-fiber measurement system of claim 113wherein the at least one scanning mirror performs one dimensionalscanning.
 118. The remote optical-fiber measurement system of claim 113wherein the at least one scanning mirror performs two dimensionalscanning.
 119. The remote optical-fiber measurement system of claim 113wherein the at least one scanning mirror performs three dimensionalscanning.
 120. The remote optical-fiber measurement system of claim 106wherein the first and second optical cores of multicore optical fiberare non-optically coupled single mode fibers.
 121. The remoteoptical-fiber measurement system of claim 106 wherein the multi-coreoptical fiber comprises a twin core optical fiber.
 122. The remoteoptical-fiber measurement system of claim 106 wherein the transceivercomprises a photonic integrated circuit. 123-125. (canceled)